Defining Places, Landscapes, and the Industrial Revolution

Flashcards summarizing key geographic concepts, globalization impacts, urban origins, and class structure transformations from the Industrial Revolution.

Five Categories of Geography

The categories defined by the NCGE and AAG: Location, Place, Region, Movement, and Human-Environment Interaction.

Place

Describes a site's physical and human characteristics, environmental conditions, their interactions, and the personal meanings people attach to it.

Location

A particular spot or point on the surface of the Earth, which can be absolute or relative.

Locale

The physical setting for human interactions.

Sense of Place

Emotional connections tied to personal experience with a site.

Landscape

The visible characteristics of a location, similar to the concept of 'locale'.

Cultural Landscape

Areas of natural features modified or influenced by cultural forces, serving as the tangible, material expression of human settlement and markers of cultural values.

Globalization

The increasing interconnectedness among countries worldwide across economic, political, cultural, and spiritual dimensions.

Material Culture Homogenization

The simplification or uniform appearance of physical environments driven by globalization, such as city skylines dominated by skyscrapers in Guangzhou, China.

Non-Material Culture Homogenization

The dispersion and homogenization of shared values and language, such as the global dominance of English.

Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs)

An example of cross-border population movement and international labor migration driven by globalization.

Geopolitical Impacts of Globalization

Influences on international politics through the establishment of international governing bodies, the rise of transnational crimes, and the weakening of traditional state sovereignty.

Theories of Urban Origins

Four major reasons for the formation of early cities: agricultural surplus, defensive or administrative centers, ceremonial centers for religious activities, and marketplaces for exchange.

Cottage Industry

A pre-18th century manufacturing system, prevalent in Great Britain, where families worked in their own homes under contract to make products for a merchant.

Industrial Revolution

A phenomenon starting in the mid-18th century characterized by technological advances enabling mass production and shifting manufacturing from home-based cottage industry to factory-based, capital-intensive industry.

James Watt's Steam Engine

A major technological advance developed in the 1770s that helped propel the Industrial Revolution.

Diffusion of Industrialization

The historical spread of industrialization from Great Britain to France and the Netherlands, reaching Germany and the US in the mid-1800s, and all of Europe, Japan, parts of China, and South America by the early 1900s.

Original Factors for Factory Location

The three primary considerations for location choice by early industrial investors: energy resources, minerals or agricultural products, and transportation routes.

Class Structure Before the Industrial Revolution

A social hierarchy consisting of Church leaders & Wealthy landowners at the top, a small Middle class of merchants, clergy, and intellectuals in the center, and Laborers at the base.

Class Structure After the Industrial Revolution

A social hierarchy consisting of Capitalists & Business Owners at the top, an Expanded middle class of factory managers, accountants, lawyers, clerks, and secretaries in the center, and Laborers at the base.

Outward Urban Growth

The horizontal expansion of industrial cities supported by improvements in intra-urban transportation such as trains, cars, and trucks.

Upward Urban Growth

The vertical expansion of industrial cities made possible by elevators, steel, and techniques for constructing stronger foundations.