A&P Unit 5

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73 Terms

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Airway consists of the following structures:
nose/mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi
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Nasal passages
lined with ciliated cells to filter air, mucus membranes to moisten air, blood capillaries to warm air
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What type breathing is preferred?
nasal breathing
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Pharynx
region behind nose and mouth, common passage for food and air
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What are the 3 sections of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx
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Larynx
voice box below pharynx
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What is the largest section in the larynx of the 9 cartilages?
thyroid cartilage (adams apple; suspended from hyoid bone)
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What folds down and covers the larynx during swallowing?
epiglottis
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Trachea
tube-like passageway for air from larynx to primary bronchi (consists of C-shaped rings of cartilage; located very interior in the neck but central in chest)
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Primary (main stem) bronchi/bronchus
splitting of the trachea to allow air to reach both lungs (right & left)
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Carina
splitting point of trachea
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Secondary bronchi
division of the primary bronchi to allow air to reach the lobes of each lung
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How many secondary bronchi are on the right side?
three
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How many secondary bronchi are on the left side?
two
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Bronchiole
small branches off secondary bronchi for distribution of air throughout each lung
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Trachea and bronchi are covered with _____ to create and expel mucus
ciliated columnar epithelial cells
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Alveoli
microscopic air sacs
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Alveoli purpose:
o2 and CO2 are exchanged with the bloodstream (not radiographically visible)
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Foreign bodies are more likely to enter the
right lung
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Foreign objects enter the right lung because
right primary bronchus is more vertical and larger in diameter
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Apex (apices)
most superior portion of the lungs
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Hilum (hila)
slit in the medial aspect of the lungs where bronchi and blood vessels enter and leave the lungs
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Base
most inferior portion of lungs that rests against the diaphragm muscle
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Costophrenic angle
inferior corners of lung that lie lateral and posterior
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Lobes (right)
superior, middle, inferior
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Lobes (left)
superior and inferior
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Fissures
separations between the lobes of a lung (not normally seen on chest radiographs, overlap front to back)
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Upper lobe extends
inferior in front
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Lower lobe extends
superior in back
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Diaphragm
“dome-shaped” muscle under the lung bases that control breathing
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The diaphragm separates what two cavities
thoracic and abdominal
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Breathing in the diaphragm occurs from the
“top down”
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The diaphragm attaches to ____ at the central tendon
lung bases
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The three openings of the diaphragm are
esophagus, aorta, and inferior vena cava
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Hemidiaphragm
one half of the diaphragm
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The RIGHT hemidiaphragm is more superior than LEFT because of
the liver under the RIGHT hemidiaphragm
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Mediastinum
space between lungs
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Several important structures reside in the mediastinum such as:
trachea, esophagus, heart, aorta, inferior vena cava, thymus gland
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Mediastinum shift
mediastinal structures being pushed or pulled to one side due to pathology
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Pleura
double-walled epithelial membrane lining surrounding each lung
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What is the purpose of the pleura?
to reduce friction during breathing
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Parietal pleura
the outer lining of the lungs
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Visceral pleura
the inner lining of the lungs
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Bony thorax includes:
ribs (12 pairs), sternum, clavicle, scapula, thoracic vertebra (T1-T12), lower cervical vertebra (C4-C7)
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Bony landmarks include:
larynx (C4-C6), thyroid cartilage (C5), apices (T1), trachea (C6-T4/T5)
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Respiration
the process of taking air into the lungs (inspiration/inhalation) and exhaling air out of the lungs (expiration/exhalation)
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During inspiration the diaphragm moves
down (creates a negative pressure with the outside atmosphere)
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During expiration the diaphragm moves
up (creates excessive pressure in the thorax)
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Vital capacity
total lung capacity
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Tidal volume
average intake of air in normal respiration
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Expiratory reserve
the amount of air that can be forced after tidal volume
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Residual volume
the amount of air left in the lungs after forceful respiration
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Normal breathing =
15 mph
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Forced expiration =
100 mph
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Sneeze=
600 mph
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Alveolar exchange
the process of exchanging o2 and CO2 with bloodstream (based on the diffusion of molecules across the permeable alveolar wall)
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Arterial blood
bright red (due to high o2 content)
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Venous blood
very dark blood (high CO2 content)
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Pulse oximeter
the non-invasive device that measures the % of oxygen saturation in skin
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Oxygen saturation should be
95%
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Oxygen should NOT fall below
95%
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What percent of CO2 actually diffuses out of the blood into the lungs?
12%
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Blood pH always needs to be at
\~7.4
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Hyperventilating will cause excessive CO2 to be
exhaled
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Raising the blood pH can lead to
hypocapnia
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Hypocapnia
breathing out too much CO2
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Hyperventilation can be triggered by
pain
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Pneumonia
inflammation of the lungs caused by viral or bacterial infection
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Emphysema
long term destruction to the alveolar walls, preventing adequate gas exchange, and leaving air trapped in the lungs
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Lung cancer
“mutated” cells that grow rapidly and engulf healthy cells
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Asthma
allergic disorder characterized by thickening of the bronchial tree and excessive mucus production
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Pneumothorax
“collapsed lung”
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Atelectasis
incomplete expansion of the lung due to obstruction or other forces (sponge sticking together)