lined with ciliated cells to filter air, mucus membranes to moisten air, blood capillaries to warm air
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What type breathing is preferred?
nasal breathing
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Pharynx
region behind nose and mouth, common passage for food and air
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What are the 3 sections of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx
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Larynx
voice box below pharynx
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What is the largest section in the larynx of the 9 cartilages?
thyroid cartilage (adams apple; suspended from hyoid bone)
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What folds down and covers the larynx during swallowing?
epiglottis
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Trachea
tube-like passageway for air from larynx to primary bronchi (consists of C-shaped rings of cartilage; located very interior in the neck but central in chest)
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Primary (main stem) bronchi/bronchus
splitting of the trachea to allow air to reach both lungs (right & left)
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Carina
splitting point of trachea
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Secondary bronchi
division of the primary bronchi to allow air to reach the lobes of each lung
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How many secondary bronchi are on the right side?
three
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How many secondary bronchi are on the left side?
two
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Bronchiole
small branches off secondary bronchi for distribution of air throughout each lung
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Trachea and bronchi are covered with _____ to create and expel mucus
ciliated columnar epithelial cells
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Alveoli
microscopic air sacs
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Alveoli purpose:
o2 and CO2 are exchanged with the bloodstream (not radiographically visible)
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Foreign bodies are more likely to enter the
right lung
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Foreign objects enter the right lung because
right primary bronchus is more vertical and larger in diameter
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Apex (apices)
most superior portion of the lungs
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Hilum (hila)
slit in the medial aspect of the lungs where bronchi and blood vessels enter and leave the lungs
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Base
most inferior portion of lungs that rests against the diaphragm muscle
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Costophrenic angle
inferior corners of lung that lie lateral and posterior
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Lobes (right)
superior, middle, inferior
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Lobes (left)
superior and inferior
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Fissures
separations between the lobes of a lung (not normally seen on chest radiographs, overlap front to back)
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Upper lobe extends
inferior in front
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Lower lobe extends
superior in back
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Diaphragm
“dome-shaped” muscle under the lung bases that control breathing
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The diaphragm separates what two cavities
thoracic and abdominal
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Breathing in the diaphragm occurs from the
“top down”
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The diaphragm attaches to ____ at the central tendon
lung bases
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The three openings of the diaphragm are
esophagus, aorta, and inferior vena cava
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Hemidiaphragm
one half of the diaphragm
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The RIGHT hemidiaphragm is more superior than LEFT because of
the liver under the RIGHT hemidiaphragm
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Mediastinum
space between lungs
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Several important structures reside in the mediastinum such as: