AP Euro Period 3 Part 2

plebiscite

a direct vote in which the entire electorate is invited to accept or refuse a proposal

Napoleon III

nephew of Napoleon 1; used Napoleonic legend to win elections in 1848 to become France's first president and became dictator of suffrage for men; seized power in 1851 via coup d'etat and became dictator of the second French empire; discards constitution, taking France back to 1791

Crimean War

a war fought in the middle of the 19th century between Russia on one side and Turkey, Britain, and France on the other; Russia was defeated and the independence of Turkey was guranteed

Victor Emmanuel

first king of Italy, who was originally king of Sardinia; king of a united Italy; takes Piedmont from Austra

Camillo Benso id Cavour

opportunist politician and a realist; understood Italy had potential power if united; first minister of Italy

Florence Nightingale

British woman who organized nursing care for the wounded and set standard sanitary conditions (new bandages, cleaning tools, washing hands, etc.)

Giuseppe Garibaldi

A "super patriot" of Italy, he helped unify southern Italy with the help of his Red Shirts

realpolitik

to be realistic in politics

the Third Republic

the type of government set up in France after Napoleon III was overthrown and the National Assembly won the conflict against the Commune of Paris; two houses of bicameral-senate and chambers of deputies, elected president, and new constitution

Dreyfus Affair

Afred Dreyfus, Jewish captain in French army, was falsely accused and convicted of treason

pan-slavism

a theory and movement to promote cultural or political unity of all Slavs

Bolsheviks

radical Marxist political party founded by Vladimir Lenin 1903 who seized power in November 1917

Marie Curie

French scientist; discovered that radium gave off rays of radiation that came from within the atom; atoms contained subatomic particles that behaved inexplicably

Sigmund Freud

Viennese physician who developed psychoanalysis, a form of bringing mentally repressed ideas into consciousness through extensive talk therapy

cubism

20th century avant-garde art movement, pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, that revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in music, literature, and architecture

tropical dependencies

the places where Europeans would go to colonize for raw materials and sell them back refined goods

settlement colonies

Areas, such as North America and Australia, that were both conquered by European invaders and settled by large numbers of European migrants who made the colonized areas their permanent home and dispersed and decimated the indigenous inhabitants.

nawabs

A Muslim prince allied to British India; technically, a semi-autonomous deputy of the Mughal emperor

canton system

restricted all foreign trade to the port of Canton

Berlin Conference

1884-1885; called to divide Africa amongst the more powerful European nations

Balkan league

an alliance between Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Montenegro to drive the Ottomans out of their land

Scramble for Africa

the invasion, occupation, colonization, and annexation of African territory by European powers during the new imperialism period between 1881 and 1914

the Origin of Species

1859: Charles Darwin's book explained how various species evolve over time and only those with advantages can survive and reproduce

indentured servants

a worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination

Opium Wars

war between China and Great Britain over British trade in opium designed to open China to European free trade