KingChiro - Part One Boards: Spinal Anatomy

ligamentum arteriosum

What does ductus arteriosus become?

ligamentum venosum

What does ductus venosus become?

Round ligament (ligamentum teres)

The umbilical vein becomes?

Foregut (lower respiratory tract, stomach, proximal duodenum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen)

What is the esophagus derived from?

Midgut (jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, proximal 2/3 transverse colon)

What is the distal duodenum derived from?

Hindgut (descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum)

What is the distal 1/3 of the transverse colon derived from?

Neural crest

What is the sacral sympathetic chain derived from?

Neurons of PNS (neural crest)

What is NOT derived from the neural plate?

1st pharyngeal arch (oral jaw)

Which pharyngeal arch for muscles of mastication?

Hyoid and jaw support

What is derived from the 2nd pharyngeal arch?

Stylopharyngeus

What is derived from the 3rd pharyngeal arch?

Cricothyroid and intrinsic muscles of soft palate

What is derived from the 4th pharyngeal arch?

Intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid

What is derived from the 6th pharyngeal arch?

5th pharyngeal arch

What pharyngeal arch gives rise to NO STRUCTURES?

Trachea

Where do we find ciliated pseudostratified cells?

oligodendrocytes

Which cells form myelin in CNS?

Schwann cells

Which cells form myelin in PNS?

Astrocytes

What cells are most numerous in CNS?

Multipolar

Most neurons in the CNS system are __________-polar?

Projection neurons

Which neurons connect within the lower centers to cerebral cortex?

Interneurons

Which neurons connect locally within the brain?

Commissural neurons

What neurons are located near the dorsal midline and send axons ventrally connecting the two hemispheres and then change direction to grow longitudinally toward the brain?

medial umbilical ligament

What does the umbilical artery become?

Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary, pineal gland)

What secondary vesicle is associated with thallus formation?

Midbrain and cerebral aqueduct

What structures develop from mesencephalon?

**telencephalon and diencephalon

What develops from forebrain?

Cerebellum and pons

What develops from metencephalon?

medulla oblongata

What develops from the myelencephalon?

Basal ganglia

What part of the brain is responsible for striatal lesions (tremors)?

9, 10, 11, 12

What cranial nerve includes the myelencephalon?

Diencephalon (3rd ventricle as well)

Where are the lateral ventricles located?

Metencephalon

Where are the 4th ventricles located?

Dura, arachnoid, pia

What are the meninges from outer to inner?

ependymal cells of the choroid plexus

What cells produce CSF?

L1-L2 --conus medullaris

***What level does the spinal cord terminate?

Pia mater

What does cauda equina terminate as?

Precentral gyrus

What is the primary motor cortex?

postcentral gyrus

What is the primary somatosensory cortex?

Integration and relay center (regulate consciousness, sleep, alertness)

What is the thalamus in charge of?

Fasciculations (flaccid and hypo reflex)

A LMN lesion will cause?

Hyperreflexia and spasticity

An UMN lesion will cause?

Phrenic nerve

Which nerve innervates the diaphragm?

Myelinated axons

Peripheral nerves has what type of axons?

Retina and vestibular nerves (special senses)

Bipolar cells are found where?

Posterior spinocerebellar

What is an ascending, unconscious tract?

Vibration, proprioception, 2 pt touch discrimination

Dorsal columns deal with?

Posterior root ganglion, substantia gelatinosa, posterior lateral nucleus

What is the correct order for the anterior spinothalamic pathway?

Pain and temperature

What does the spinothalamic tract deal with?

Ectoderm

What gives rise to all neurons and supporting cells?

Fossa ovalis

What does foramen ovale become?

Urachus

What is the remnant of the duct of allantois?

Oligodendrocytes

What gives rise to astrocytes?

Association neurons

Which neurons connect part of SAME hemisphere?

Astrocytes

What cells form BBB?

Prosencephalon

What are the telencephalon and diencephalon derived from?

Rhombencephalon

What do metencephalon and myelencephalon come from>

Middle cerebral artery

What is the most common location for CVA?

Subarachnoid space

Where is a spinal tap done?

31

How many pairs of spinal nerves?

Dorsal roots are sensory (afferent)

Ventral roots are motor (efferent)

What is the Bell-Magendi law?

Dopamine from tyrosine converted into melanin

What causes black color of substantia nigra?

Paleocerebellum

What part of cerebellum is anterior and does general muscle tone?

Neocerebellum

What part of cerebellum is posterior and does coordination of skilled movements?

Archicerebellar

What part of cerebellum is flocculonodular lobe and does equilibrium?

fastigial, globus, emboliform, and dentate (FGED, flowers grow every day)

What are the cerebellar nuclei from medial to lateral, small to large?

Corticospinal (lateral and anterior); pyramidal

Which tract does precise and skilled voluntary movement?

Reticulospinal (pontine and medullary); extrapyramidal

Which tract inhibits or facilitates voluntary movement?

Tectospinal; extrapyramidal

Which tract does reflex postural movement to visual stimuli?

Rubrospinal; extrapyramidal

Which tract facilitates flexors and inhibits extensors?

Vestibulospinal; extrapyramidal

Which tract facilitates extensors and inhibits flexors?

Lateral spinothalamic; contralateral symptoms

Which tract does pain and temperature?

Anterior spinothalamic; contralateral symptoms

Which tract does light touch and tactile sensation?

Spinothalamics

Which tracts go through the tract of Lissauer?

Gracilis (LE) and Cuneatus (UE); ipsilateral symptoms

Which tracts does 2 pt touch discrimination, vibration, and proprioception?

Anterior spinocerebellar; contralateral symtpoms **crosses twice**

Which tract does unconscious gross movement of the lower body?

Posterior spinocerebellar; ipsilateral symptoms **does not cross**

Which tract does unconscious fine movement of the lower body?

Ant and post spinocerebellar

Which two tracts go through Clark's nucleus (nucleus dorsalis)?

Posterior inferior peduncle and anterior superior peduncle

Which peduncles do the posterior spinocerebellar and anterior spinocerebellar tracts go through respectively?

Spino-quadrigeminal system of Mott

What is the spinotectal tract aka?

Lesser occipital nerve (C2-3)

What is sensory to posterolateral neck?

Greater auricular (C2-3)

What is sensory to ear and parotid gland?

The buccinator

Which of the following structures pierces through the parotid gland

Transverse cervical (C2-3)

What is sensory to anterior and lateral neck?

Supraclavicular (C3-4)

What is sensory to shoulder and anterior chest?

Ansa cervicalis (C1-4)

What is motor to geniohyoid and infrahyoid muscle?

Femoral (L2-4)

What is sensory to the thigh, leg, foot, hip, and knee joints and motor to anterior thigh, psoas, pectineus, and Iliacus?

Obturator (L2-4)

What is sensory to medial thigh and hip joint and motor to adductors, gracilis, and obturator externus?

Lateral femoral cutaneous (L2-3)

What is sensory to lateral thigh and branches to peritoneum?

Iliohypogastric (L1)

What is sensory over the lower abdomen, lower back and hip, anterolateral ab wall, and pubic region?

Ilioinguinal (L1)

What is sensory to external genitalia, thigh, and abdominals?

Genitofemoral (L1-2)

What is sensory to scrotum, labia, thigh, and cremasterics?

Sciatic (L4-S3)

What is motor to tibial and common peroneal?

Tibial (L4-S3)

What is sensory to posterior leg and foot and motor to all muscles of back of thigh, leg, and foot?

Common peroneal aka fibular (L4-S2)

What is sensory to anterior leg and dorsum of foot and motor to peroneals, tibialis anterior, and extension of toe?

Superficial peroneal aka fibular (L4-S2)

What is motor for the lateral compartment of leg?

Deep peroneal (L4-S2)

What is motor to anterior compartment of leg?

Superior gluteal (L4-S1)

What is motor to gluteus medius, minimus, and TFL?

Inferior gluteal (L5-S2)

What is motor to gluteus maximus?

Pudendal (S2-L4)

What is sensory to muscles of perineum and motor to external anal sphincter?

Cribriform plate

What is the exit point for olfactory nerve?