Anatomy and Physiology 2: Immune and Lymphatic Learning Objectives - Lecture Exam 3 Study Guide, UC Blue Ash by Louis Kutcher

Describe the major functions of the lymphatic system?

1. Fluid balance.

2. Immune defense.

3. Waste removal.

4. Transportation of WBCs.

Describe the mechanism of lymph formation and secretion?

- Formation: lymph forms as interstitial fluid enters the lymphatic capillaries due to pressure difference between blood capillaries and surrounding tissues.

- Secretion: lymph is then transported through vessels and nodes where it gets filtered and returns back to the blood stream via the thoracic and right lymphatic ducts.

Compare and contrast the innate (nonspecific) and adaptive (specific) defense systems

1. Innate System: body first line of defense, responds quickly to any pathogen without targeting specific ones. Includes the physical barrier (skin), chemical defenses, and phagocytes.

1. Innate Defense System (nonspecific) ?

- body first line of defense, responds quickly to any pathogen without targeting specific ones. Includes the physical barrier (skin), chemical defenses, and phagocytes.

2. Adaptive Defense System (specific) ?

- targets specific pathogens by recognizing unique antigens. It is slower than innate but has memory, which allows it to respond faster and more efficient to future exposures through T and B lymphocytes.

Describe the physical barriers used in host defense and explain how body secretions assist barrier function?

- skin, and the mucous membrane, block pathogen entry, while bodily secretions like sweat, saliva, mucus, help trap or neutralize pathogens to increase protection.

Explain the mechanism of pyrexia (fever) and its benefits in host defense?

- Activated neutrophils and macrophages secrete a class of cytokines called pyrogens.

1. Pyrogens reset the temperature set point in the hypothalamus.

2. Before fever occurs body temp is at set point range.

3. After set point is increased, temperature is too long.

4. Body shivers and begins to feel cold.

5. That raises body temperature, part of immune response.

6. Body conquers the invader.

7. There are no more pyrogens, set point goes to normal.

8. Body is still a little warmer than set point so you sweat it off.

9. Fever then breaks.

List the four cardinal signs of inflammation?

1. Redness.

2. Heat.

3. Swelling.

4. Pain.

Describe the mechanism of inflammation initiation?

- Activation: when damaged tissues release chemicals like histamine and cytokines, which increase blood blow to affected area. Those chemicals cause vasodilation and become more permeable allowing immune cells and proteins to move into the tissue starting inflammatory response to contain infection and start healing.

Describe the roles of the following lymphocytes in immune responses, their origins, subtypes, and differentiation:

Describe the roles of the following lymphocytes in immune responses, their origins, subtypes, and differentiation:

1. Antigen presenting cells?

- are immune cells like B cells that capture foreign substances and transfer them to the surface of T cells.

2. B Lymphocytes?

- make antibodies that target pathogens.

3. T Lymphocytes?

- directly attack infected or cancerous cells that regulate immune response.

4. Natural Killer (NK) Cells?

- identify and destroy infected or cancerous cells, without prior exposure to them.

5. Neutrophils?

- frontline immune cells that rapidly respond to infections by destroying pathogens via phagocytosis.

Differentiate between antigens and antibodies

Differentiate between antigens and antibodies

1. Antigens?

- Are proteins or polysaccharides that are found on the surface of pathogens that trigger an immune response.

2. Antibodies?

- Are proteins produced by B cells in response to specific antigens, they bind to these antigens and neutralize them.

Describe the structure and actions of antibodies?

- Structure: Y-shaped proteins with 4 polypeptide chains, 2 heavy and 2 light.

- Actions: they bind to specific antigens on pathogens, and mark them for destruction by macrophages.

Explain the role of surface antigens on RBCs in determining blood groups

- They determine blood groups by the presence or absence of specific molecules like A or B antigens on the cells surface. Those antigens define the blood groups either (A,B,AB,O).

List the type of antigen and the type of antibodies present in each ABO.

1. Antigen: A.

- Antibodies: Anit-B.

2. Antigen: B.

- Antibodies: Anti-A.

3. Antigen: A & B.

- Antibodies: none.

4. Antigen: O.

- Antibodies: Anti A and Anti B.

Rh blood types?

1. Rh-Positive

- Antigen: Rh.

- Antibodes: none.

2. Rh-Negative

- Antigen: none.

- Antibodes: Anti-Rh.

Define major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

- Defined: is a set of cell surface proteins essential for immune recognition.

Differentiate between MHC-I and MHC-II?

- MHC-I: found on all nucleated cells.

- MHC-II: found on antigen presenting cell.s

- all have nuclei.

- basically phagocytes.

Explain the process of self-recognition?

- Self Recognition: is the immunes systems ability to distinguish the body's own cells from foreign invader cells.

- Process: cells display "self" markers on their surfaces. T cells learn to recognize these self markers during development so they don't attack them.

Self tolerance?

- Self tolerance: where T and B cells learn during development to ignore self antigens.

Explain how the Complement System functions in immune response?

- activated by pathogens, proteins work in a cascade to make pathogens for destructions, it attracts immune cells to the infections site, and forms a membrane attack complex that pokes holes in the cells membrane destroying it.

Analyze ways in which the innate and adaptive body defenses cooperate to enhance the overall resistance to disease?

- The Innate System: provides an immediate, nonspecific, response to pathogens, which helps contain infections and sends signals activating the adaptive immune system.

- The Adaptive System: once activated the adaptive system makes a targeted response with memory cells allowing for a quicker and better response to future infections.