AP CHEM Chemical Reactions

Limiting Reactant

a reactant that is completely consumed in a reaction, determining the amount of

product formed.

Excess Reactant

The reactant is the one left over at the

end of reaction

Decomposition reaction

One compound breaks down into two products

Synthesis reaction 

Two or more substances join and form one single substance 

Single replacement reaction 

atoms of an element swap with atoms of a second element in a compound 

Double replacement reaction

positive ions exchange between two compounds

In a precipitation react, what forms between aqueous reactants?

a solid

In a combustion reaction what produces the products? 

Usually, a hydrocarbon, and O2 

In a combustion what are the products produced?

Co2 and H20

What are acids known for?

corroding metals

What are bases known for?

their cleansing properties

What is an acid?

Anything that produces H+ ions in a solution

What is a base?

Anything that produces OH- ions in a solution

Examples of acids

HCl, HF, HNO3

Examples of bases

NaOH, KOH, LiOH

Conjugate bases of strong acids are what?

weak

Conjugate bases of weak acids are what?

strong

An acid is a

proton donor

A base is a

proton acceptor

Equivalence point is when

moles of acids = moles of base

Oxidation is losing (+)

OIL

Reduction is gaining

RIG

redox, oxidative reactions

Loss of electrons 

redox, reduction reactions

gain of electrons

Titration (Redox)

Used to find unkown concentrations by reacting a known volume with a titrant 

Soluble compound 

dissolves in water,producing ions (aq) 

Insoluble compounds

does not dissolve, forms a precipitate (s)

complete ionic equations

shows all aqueous compounds split into ions

Net ionic equation

removes spectator ions, only shows species that change

Always soluble 

Na+, K+, NH4+, NO3-

Mostly soluble 

CI-, Br-, I- (except Ag+, Pb2+) 

Insoluble

CO3 2-, PO4 3-, OH-

Strong Acids 

HCI, HBr, HI, 

Strong Bases 

NaOH, KOH 

Moles

mass/molar mass

Molarity (M)

moles/liters of solution

First Step in Stoichiometry 

write a balanced equation

Second Step in Stoichiometry 

convert given quantities to moles , ex) g → mol, M → mol

Third Step in Stoichiometry 

Use the mole ratio from the balanced equation to convert,

(moles given) x (ratio of unknown)

Fourth Step in Stoichiometry 

Convert moles of the unknown to desired units

Always soluble ions 

Group 1 metals 

A conguate base is formed 

when a acid loses a (H+) 

a conguate acid is formed

when a base gains a (H+)