Biology 198 (K-State): Test 3 (Cell Biology)

Three parts of Eukaryotic Cell

1: Membrane Bound Nucleus

2: Numerous Membrane-Bound Organelles

3: Several Rod-shaped Chromosomes

Plant Cell Specific Parts

Chloroplasts, Cell Wall (Shape) , Central Vacuole (Shape)

Prokaryotic Cell Structure

Capsule --> Cell Wall --> Cell Membrane --> Ribosomes --> DNA

Prokaryotic Cell

Single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelle

Plasma Membrane

Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that controls the passage of organic material in or out of cell

Cytoplasm

Region of cell between plasma membrane and nuclear envelope (70-80% water)

Cytosol

Water based liquid in Cytoplasm that suspends organelles

Nuclear Envelope

Double-membraned structure that allows for the passage of ions, molecules, and RNA

Chromosomes

Structural makeup of DNA

Chromatin

Unwound chromosomes (overall chromosomal material)

Ribosomes

Cellular organelles responsible for protein synthesis;

mRNA directs protein synthesis

Mitochondria

The "Powerhouse" of the cell (Makes ATP)

Peroxisomes

Small and round organelles that carry out oxidation reactions;

Detoxify body (i.e., the reason detoxification happens in the presence of poison in the body)

Vesicles/Endosomes

Membrane bound sacs that function in storage and transport (often bound with other organelles)

Centrosome

(Animal Cells Only) Found in the middle of nuclei and appear to pull duplicated chromosomes to opposite ends during mitosis

Lysosomes

(Animal Cells Only) The "Garbage disposal" of cell. Also Digests materials from the outside the cell

Central Vacuole

(Plant Cells Only) Regulation of water concentration. Also apply pressure to cell walls, which helps keep the shape of cells (think wilting of plants in low water conditions)

Endosymbiotic Theory

Eukaryotes are a product of one cell engulfing another, with both cells living together and evolving to the point that the separate cells were unrecognizable

Cristae

The mitochondrial inner membrane's extensive foldings

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Synthesize certain proteins

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Synthesize Lipids

Chemical Reaction

2+ atoms bond together

Reactants

Found at the beginning of equation (or before reaction takes place)

Products

Fount at the end of the reaction equation (or after reaction has taken place)

Ionic Bonds

Found between ions of opposite charge

Covalent Bonds

Sharing electrons; very strong bond

Polar Covalent Bonds

Electrons are attracted to one atom over the other; because of electronegativity differences

Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

Share electrons equally

Hydropholic

Polar compounds that interacts readily with or dissolves in water

Hydrophobic

Nonpolar compounds (oils and fats) that separate in water

Specific Heat

Amount of heat one gram of a substance must absorb or lose to change its temperature by 1 degree Celcius

Solvent

Substance capable of dissolving other polar molecules and ionic compounds

Adhesion

Attraction between water molecules and other molecules

Acid

Substance that raises the concentration of H+ Ions

Base

Substance that decreases the H+ concentration

pH Scale

0-6.9 is acidic/ 7 is neutral/ 7.1+ is base

Biological Macromolecules

Large molecules that are necessary for life

Hydrolysis

Water splits from reaction

Condensation

Water is formed as a byproduct of a reaction

Carbohydrate

1:2:1 of carbon:Hydrogen:Oxygen

Monosaccharides

Simple sugar (Glucose)

Disaccharides

Two monosaccharides bond (i.e., Glucose)

Polysaccharides

Many monosaccharides combine in a long chain (Starch/Glycogen/Cellulose)

Starch

Stored sugars in plants

Glycogen

Stored sugar in animals

Cellulose

Stored sugars in the cell walls of a plant (i.e., paper)

Lipids

Nonpolar (Fats and oils)

Wax

Hydrophobic covering on some leaves and feathers

Steroids

Fused ring structure that is hydrophobic and insoluble (i.e., cholesterol)

Most common steroid

Cholesterol

Other names for fats

Triglycerides, Triacylglycerols, and Triglycerols

Membrane Receptor

Complex and integral proteins that transmit signals in the plasma membrane

What tests for simple reducing sugars (glucose)

Benedict's solution

What tests for complex carbohydrates?

Iodine

What tests for Triglycerides (Lipids)

Sudan Red Powder

Enzymes are what in reactions?

Catalysts in biochemical reactions and are usually complex or conjugated proteins; lowers required activation energies

Catabolic Enzymes

Break down their substances (Hydrolysis)

Anabolic Enzymes

Builds more complex molecules (Condensation)

Hormones

Chemical-signaling molecules secreted by endocrine cells that act to control or regulate specific physiological processes

Structural Proteins

Hair, fingernails, feathers, etc.

Storage Proteins

Store energy over the long term

Amino Acids

Monomers that make up proteins

Amino Acids are represented by

Uppercase letter or three letter abbrevation

Peptide Bond

Covalent bond that connects amino acids and forms water (Condensation)

Primary Structure

Unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

Secondary Structure

Local folding of the polypeptide; α-Helix and β-Pleated Sheets

α-Helix

Spiraling into helixes

β-Pleated Sheets

Folding into sheets

Tertiary Structures

3-Dimensional structures of a polypeptide

Quaternary Structures

Multiple Tertiary Structures combining; often globular

Enzymes

Proteins made up of chains of amino acids and names end in -ase

Substrates

Chemical Reactants to which enzymes bind

Active Site

Location on Enzyme to which a substrate binds

Buffers

Absorb excess H+ or OH- to keep the body in a narrow pH band (survivable zone)

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Genetic material found in all living things

Genome

Entire content of a cell; double stranded DNA molecule

Chromatine

Chromosonal material in Eukaryotic cell

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

Protein synthesis

DNA uses what to transport information outside of the nucleus?

mRNA

mRNA (Messanger RNA)

Intermediary between DNA and the rest of the cell

Nucleotide

Monomer of RNA; Made up of a nitrogen base, a pentose (5-carbon) sugar, and phosphate

Nitrogen bases in DNA

Adenine, Cysteine, Guanine, Thymine (ACGT)

Nitrogen bases in RNA

Adenine, Cysteine, Guanine, Uracil (ACGU)

Gametes

Sperm and eggs; have only 23 chromosomes each (Haploid)

Haploid

One set of chromosomes (1n)

Diploid

Two sets of chromosomes (2n)

Homologous Chromosomes

Mutated pairs of chromosomes

Genes

Specific nucleotide segments

Locus

Location on DNA strand

Alleles

Different pairs of genes (AA, BB, OO, AB, etc. [blood])

PMAT

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

What follows Mitosis

Cytokinesis

Neoplasm

Accumulation of dead cells

Benign

Non-Cancerous

Malignant

Cancerous and ready to travel to other tissue

Metastasis

Growing and spreading to adjacent or distant body parts

Tumor Angiogenesis

Increasing number of blood vessels supporting neoplasm

Oncogenes

Genes that can cause cancer

Apoptosis

Evasion of regular cellular death; caused by oncogenes that suppress the dying of cells

Proto-oncogens

Genes that code for normal cell-cycle regulators