APWH 1750-1900

Unit 5-6

sphere of influence

region over which a state or organization has a level of cultural, economic, military, or political exclusivity

Yamagata Aritomo

led Japanese imperialism and Meiji oligarchs

Boxer Uprising

(1900) riots encouraged by Dowager Cixi against foreign rule in China

Tsar Nicholas II

last russian emperor, killed by bolsheviks

Liberal Powers

France and Great britain

Conservative powers

Germany and austria-hungary

social darwinism

suggested that some groups or individuals are naturally more "fit" and will therefore succeed, while others are less "fit" and destined to be unsuccessful, used to justify social inequality, racism, and imperialism. 

zaibatsu

Japanese conglomerates

oligarchy

a form of government in which power rests with a small number of people, usually nobles, famous, wealthy, educated, etc.

Meiji Restoration

political program where young leaders bought centralization, industry, and imperialism to Japan

liberalism

political philosophy that emphasizes individual liberty, rights, and freedoms, with an emphasis on limited government and the rule of law

nationalism

an ideology that emphasizes loyalty and devotion to a nation, advocating for its interests and often seeking its self-determination

anarchism

political philosophy and movement that seeks to abolish all institutions that perpetuate authority, coercion, or hierarchy, primarily targeting the state and capitalism

Karl Marx

German, creator of marxist communism, wrote Communist Manifesto

socialism

economic and political system where the means of production are owned and controlled by society as a whole, rather than by individuals or private businesses

seperate spheres

clearly different roles for men and women in society (during victorian age)

Victorian Age

(1850-1901) reign of Queen Victoria, affected rules around women, mostly affected upper/middle class

push vs. pull

Push factors encourage people to leave their home area (war/poverty)

Pull factors attract people to a new location (job opportunities)

Industrialization

period of social and economic change that transforms an agrarian society into an industrial society, raw goods → manufactured goods, included steam engines, (boats, trains) railroads, factories, electricity, etc.

Panama Canal

opened 1914 for more direct warship travel

Emilio Zapata + Francisco Villa

participated in Mexican Revolution

Mexican revolution

overthrow of the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz and the establishment of a more just and equitable society in Mexico, led to reforms and increased nationalism

Porfiro Diaz

dictator in mexico, ruled in favor of the rich

haciendas

large estates owned by a few rich Mexicans

Spanish-American War

(1898) a conflict between the United States and Spain that resulted in the end of Spain's colonial rule in the Americas and the U.S. acquisition of territories like Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines

Filipino Insurrection

effort by phillippines to gain independence from spain, failed and annexed by US

James Cook

explored and began to settle Australia and New Zealand

Brahmo Samaj (Divine Society)

Indian/Hindu reform movement, encouraged return to Upanishads (Hindu teachings) and banned practices such as sati and slavery

Indian Civil Service

elite who governed British India, recruited by exams, excluded native Indians

Sepoy Rebellion

(1857) revolt of Hindu Sepoys (Indian soldier under Britain) against the British East India Company (caused by army recruitment issues and rifles greased with animal fat)

Sikh

monotheistic and panentheistic religion founded in the 15th century in South Asia.

British Raj

British (Regime) took over India and aimed to westernize

East India Company

British trading company established in 1600 to engage in trade with the East Indies

nawab

Muslim princes, deputies of Muslim emperor, formed their own states

legitimate trade

non-slave exports

Suez Canal

opened 1869, affected communication between Europe and Asia

Berlin Conference

(1884-1885) Major powers agreed to occupy Africa, every country sent troops to colonize

Boer War

(1899-1902) conflict fought between the British Empire and two Boer republics in South Africa, caused by inflow of colonists and British annexation

Afrikaners

Dutch/English settlers in Africa

Zulu

African kingdom with strict military and close-combat tactics, created by Shaka (African military leader)

Cixi (Empress Dowager)

empress of Chinese Qing dynasty

Arrow War (2nd Opium War)

(1856-1860) conflict between the United Kingdom, France, and Qing Dynasty, resulted in a second defeat for China, forcing it to legalize opium trade and open more ports to Western trade

Taiping Rebellion

major revolt against Qing Dynasty, led by Hong Xiuquan, fueled by economic hardship and desire to overthrow Manchu rule, resulted in a bloody civil war that killed around 20-30 million people

most-favored-nation status

prevented colonization in a country

treaty ports

port cities in East Asia open to foreign residents, usually imposed by western powers

Treaty of Nanking

(1842) ended the first Opium War

bannermen

Qing soldiers, similar to Janissaries

Opium War

(1839-1842) China vs. Britain, arose from China’s attempts to suppress the Opium trade

White Lotus Rebellion

(1794-1804) peasant uprising triggered by economic discontent, inspired by restoration of Ming dynasty

Tsar Nicholas

prevented Russia from industrializing due to his fear of spreading literacy

Crimean War

(1853-1856) major conflict fought primarily on the Crimean Peninsula between Russia and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, the United Kingdom, France, and the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont, marked transition to modern warfare

Peter the Great

absolute monarch, began attempts at Russian expansion

Tanzimat Reforms

series of reforms initiated by Abdul Mejid in the Ottoman Empire, included civil/social reforms, began using Sharia (Islamic law) in family cases, introduced Enlightenment to Middle East

Sultan Selim II

began Westernization reforms in Ottoman Empire

Developed vs. Underdeveloped

developed: Industrialized, prosperous

Underdeveloped: Colonial dependence on exporting raw goods and on low-wage industries

acculturation

modifying languages, customs, values, and behaviors as a result of contact with another culture

Frederick Douglass

abolition leader

abolitionists

people who wanted to end slavery, most difficult in plantation regions

battle of little big horn

(1876) a decisive Native American victory over the US Army

Mexican War

conflict between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848, resulted U.S. gaining Mexican territory (Nevada, Utah, etc.)

Andrew Jackson

created Indian Removal Act (1830) and Trail of Tears

caudillo

title for a Mexican leader who gained power unconstitutionally

Mexican Independence fighters

Jose de san Martin, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, Jose Maria Morelos, Augustin de Iturbide, Simon Bolivar

Toussaint L’Ouverture

led Haitian revolution, former slave

Revolution of 1848

began in Paris, overthrew Louis Philippe, created 2nd French Republic

gens de couleur

free people of color in Haiti

Haitian Revolution

(1789-1804) Haiti gains independence from France

Napoleon Bonaparte

took power in France in 1799, popular authoritarianism, started a dictatorship, conquered parts of Europe, exiled, escaped, built army, exiled again, died 1821

Concordat of 1801

Catholics could practice freely, gov. elected bishops, priests on the state payroll

Reign of Terror

(1793-1794) a violent period during the French Revolution where thousands of people were executed for being suspected enemies of the revolution, led by Maximilien Robespierre

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

stated French political rights, led to formation of a constitution

Storming of the Bastille

(July 1789) crowd of Parisians, mainly lower classes, attacking and seizing control of the Bastille, marked the beginning of the French Revolution

Estates General (national assembly)

a representative assembly composed of representatives from the three estates, its summoning in 1789 was a significant event that ultimately contributed to the French Revolution. 

7 years war (french and indian war)

conflict between France and Great Britain that began in 1754 as a dispute over North American land claims in the region

Estates

first estate- clergy

second estate-nobility

third estate-bourgeoisie

Constitutional Convention

(1787) writing the constitution

Articles of Confederation

(1781) first American form of government

Major AmRev Battles

(1775) Lexington and Concord

(1775) Battle of Bunker Hill

(1777) Battle of Saratoga

(1781) Battle of Yorktown- last battle, British surrender

Causes of AmRev

1764- Sugar Act

1765- Stamp Act

1770- Boston Massacre

1773- Tea Act-Boston Tea Party

1774-Coercive Acts

Proclamation of 1763

limited western settlement to east of the appalachian mtns. but was not effective

Enlightenment

intellectual and cultural movement that spanned the 17th and 18th centuries, emphasizing reason, science, and individual liberty, challenged traditional authority, spurred revolutionary changes in art, philosophy, politics, A CAUSE OF MANY REVOLUTIONS OF THE PERIOD

John Locke

philosopher, inspired many future constitutions (life, liberty, pursuit of property + it’s ok to rebel if your ruler/government sucks)

proletariat

industrial workers

positivism

the philosophy that economic issues could be solved using the scientific method, most influential in Latin America

mercantilism

nationalist economic policy that is designed to maximize the exports and minimize the imports of an economy, popular in Europe

laissez faire

“let them go” or keeping government away from the economy and let it operate with minimal/no control

cult of domesticity

idea that middle class women should be less involved in the workforce and more involved at home

industrial inventions

morse code, telegraphs, steam engine, trains, railroads, steamboats, cotton gin, mule spinning machine, water frame,

division of labor

tasks were broken down and assigned to specialized workers, leading to increased efficiency and productivity

agricultural revolution

growth of new crops (potato and corn) because of goods from colonies, leading to increased food production and increased population