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what are the steps of food production?
1. farm
2. food processor
3. distributor
4. seller
farm
all foods, in some form or another, begin on a farm
food processor
foods will be cleaned or sorted in preparation for shipping, to produce packaged foods
distributor
agent or company who will transport food to sellers
seller
location where the food can be purchased by the consumer
Food Production in Canada
Canadian Farmers Produce:
Variety of fruits and vegetables
Chicken, egg, beef pork
Diary- diary products, cheese, yogurt , cream
Wheat- flour, cereal, bread,
Maple syrup and maple products
growing oats
preferred crop because their ability to thrive in the cooler climate and handle varying weather conditions (rain, heat)
oats are used for milling and are processed into flaked for consumption
harvesting oats
requires the right time based on kernel hardness and moisture content, timing affects quality
cutting and separating the seeds from the straw plays a crucial part
affects the ability to flow through machinery and shelf life
moisture prevents spoilage and maintains quality
cool temp. + low moisture ensures oats to be stored for a long period
processing
oats go through a process of steps including cleaning, dehulling and sizing
mill produces a wide range of oat products
screenings and hulls are utilized for livestock and maximizing resource utilization
oats are versatile and provide health benefits
what farming encompasses now
organic farming
soil management
horticulture
aquaculture
water management
raising animals
animal breeding
organic farming
aimed to grow crops and in ways that are sustainable and harmonious with and share many practices with non-organic farmers
without the use of certain pesticides, fertilizers, antibiotics growth hormones, and genetically modified organisms.
soil management
topsoil eroded into ditches and waterways, we are trying improve our land by doing practices such as soil tilling
horticulture
science and art of growing fruits, vegetables , flowers, and ornamental plants
-over 120 different fruits and crops are commercially grown in Canada
aquaculture
the farming of aquatic organisms in fresh or salt water
water management
meeting the demand for food production while protecting the on which the world depends
raising animals
Farmers raise beef cattle, pigs, chickens, turkeys, sheep, bison, goats, deer and elk.
Farmers andranchers refer to their farm animals as livestock.
animal breeding
farmers choose different breeds of animals for different reasons
agriculture
art and science of cultivating the soil, growing crops, and raising livestock. includes the preparation of plant and animal products for people to use
changes in agriculture: food accessibility
before: root cellars, canning drying-lacking options for preserving food
after: climate control storage facilities, flash freezing and greenhouse tech.
changes in agriculture: harvesting grains
before: basic tools able to feed 5 people
after: new tech and tools. feed more than 120 people
changes in agriculture: managing pests
before: no pest control options
after: many ways to protect crops
changes in agriculture: soil preservations
before: tilling soil
after: new practices
changes in agriculture: milking cows
before: bucket and stool. 1 cow produces 1000 litres of milk per year
after: new practices including genetics, customized diets. 1 cow produces 8,5k litres of milk per year
farming tech.
crucial role in modern agriculture
contributes to increased crop productivity, decreased pesticide use
water conservation and quality enhancement
provide safe and nutritious food for consumers while minimizing environmental impact
how many acres could farmers harvest per day in the past versus now?
in the past: only 1 per day, feeding around four people
now: able to harvest around 150 acres per day, feeding 120+ people
environmental changes that may have negative effects on food production
climate change
greenhouse gas production
resistant to pesticides
resistance of pathogens to antibiotics and chemicals
fresh water shortages
ocean pollution
overfishing depleting populations
deforestation
fossil fuel use
inappropriate agricultural systems and/or use
extinction of species
loss of biodiversity
will crop yields increase in the warmer climate?
no they dont
do fertilizers and pesticides increase crop yield and quality?
when appropriately, yes they can
biodiversity
variety and variability of living organism and their ecosystems, diversity within species, among species and among ecosystems
how many species become extinct every day?
over 140
what of species is expected to go extinct over the next 10 years?
20%
environmental contaminants/pollutants include
Industrial pollutants
Toxic metals
Contaminants from packaging.
how harmful can a contaminant be
depends on how long it persists in or body
lead
displaces minerals , causing function failure of the kidneys, liver, nervous system, and/or bone marrow
Cadnium
slows down developing. irreversible damage to the liver and kidneys
arsenic
used as medication for animals . Can also be found in lower quantities in fish, eggs, rice, and drinking water
mercury
naturally occurring element in soil, , rocks, streams, and oceans
pulp and paper processing, mining operations, and burning of and fuels can also release mercury into the environment
high amounts can damage the nervous system in people and animals
tends in the food chain so that predatory species have higher levels (bioaccumulation)
bioaccumulation
when a toxicant accumulates in the food chain so that predatory species have higher levles
which fish tend to be heavily contaminated with mercury?
1. shark
2. swordfish
3. king mackerel
4. fresh tuna steal (Albacore)
5. tilefish
which fish tend to be lower in mercury levels?
1. shrimp
2. canned light (canned albacore "white" tuna contains more than light tuna)
3. salmon
4. pollock
5. catfish
what is the CFIA mercury for fish?
cant contain more than 0.5-1.0 parts per million (ppm)
what are the recommendations to reduce your mercury consumption?
-consume of fish
-limit of shark, swordfish, (excluding canned light tuna), orange roughy, escolar, and marlin to no more than 150 g per week
-more restricted for pregnant women, children, and woman of child bearing age
why should kids restrict their consumption of certain fish more than adults ?
-because of their higher metabolic rates , they can absorb toxicants faster than adults
-their immature organs are also less able to get rid of mercury as well as deal with the damage caused by the mercury
what does health canada recommend to health adults about fish consumption
limit their consumption to no more than 150 g per week
why is mercury more dangerous for a pregnant woman to ingest?
methyl mercury can be passed from the maternal blood to fetus by crossing the placental
-can accumulate at higher concentrations in the baby's blood than in the mothers
-can also be passed through breast to infants
maternal fish
infants may appear normal during the few , but later display
1. IQ deficits
2. abnormal muscle tone
3. reduced motor function
4. lower attention and visuopatial performance
-neuropsychological deficits can be detected in children aged seven years following the exposure
-increased blood pressure also reported
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
refers to group of at least 50 widely used components containing chlorine, which can accumulate in the food chain and cause a variety of harmful effects including:
1. fatigue
2. eye irritation
3. growth radiation in children when exposed prenatally
-man made; were banned in 1977
-can still be found in the environment because they do not break down (but not enough to cause harm)
what can farmers do to protect their crops?
1. pesticides
2. climate-smart
3. climate services
types of pesticides
-herbicides: protects against weeds
-fungicide: protects against
-insecticide: protects against insects
climate-smart
an approach that helps to guide actions needed to transform and reorient agricultural systems to support development and ensure food security in a changing climate
what is needed to help climate-smart to succeed?
-expand base
-improve
-support and empower local institutions
-combining financing options in a new way
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
includes crop rotation, selecting and disease resistant crops, adjusting seed rate and timing of planting, and maintaining wetlands for biodiversity
what can you do to help with climate change?
1. Walk/bike instead of drive
2. Choose foods lower on the food chain (plants)
3. Choose plant foods more ; grains are the lowest on the food chain (require the least amount of energy to produce), followed by fruits and , and legumes
4. Choose smaller fish more often (lower on the food chain)
5. Limit use of canned beef products, because they cause cleared rain forest land (200 square feet can be lost per 1 pound of beef produced)
6. Choose locally grown foods (require less transportation, packaging and refrigeration)
7. Avoid overly packaged foods (choose bulk)
8. Use reusable products
9. Use fast cooking (ex: stir fry, , pressure cooking)
10. Practice wise use: reduce, reuse, recycle
what is that food has on the influenced by?
- the type of food
-where it comes from
-how it is: packaged, processed, produced, and transported
what happens when food is thrown in ?
it ends up in and produces the greenhouse gas methane
what are the main causes for at home food waste?
-storing food improperly
-preparing too much
-impulse shopping or not prepping
four general principles of organic food production
1. health (should be safe for soil, plants, animals, and humans)
2. ecology (should work with and sustain living ecological systems)
3. fairness (should ensure fairness with regard to the common and life opportunities)
4. care (should protect the health and of the current and future generations as well as the environment)
which practices does organic farming use to promote sustainability ?
crop rotation
covering crops (to prevent soil erosion)
using renewable resources
enhancing biodiversity
the use of compost to improve soil
balancing host/predator relationships
how many of organic foods are sold each year in canada?
1 billion
producers cannot claim products are organic if they have been
irradiated
genetically engineered
grown with certain fertilizer
what are the major organic foods produced in canada?
grains, organic milk, maple syrup, and tree fruits (especially apple)
when did the organic products regulation come into effect and what does it mean?
came into effect in June 2009.
Means that only products with organic content that is greater than or equal to 95% may have the organic label or be advertised as "organic"
-products containing 70% or higher organic ingredients may add their precent organic to but may not use the logo or advertise as "organic"
are organic foods better?
mildly supported, organic produce have higher vitamin c and higher levels of phytochemicals
GMO
modified organism
-also referred to as genetic engineering
genetic engineering
refers to specific used to precisely change an 's DNA. this is used by to enhance or modify the characteristics of an individual organism
transgenic organism
between species
Cisgenics
within species
how are animals and plant targeted
animals
microinjection method
plants
particle gun
benefits of GMOs
-better weed and control
-herbicide resistant crops can withstand herbicides
-can also reduce from things like mold
what are some typical GMO foods?
products: Corn, Canola, Potatoes, Tomatoes, Squash, Soybeans, Flax, Cottonseed, oil, Sugarbeets
derived products: Corn syrup, Tofu, Canned foods, Soya sauce, Animals that feed on GMOs
what is of cross-breeding and what are ?
to create the perfect variation within a species. benefits:
1. high yield
2. better nutritional and sensory qualities
3. better resistant
4. more tolerant
5. more extreme tolerance
concerns involving GMOs
1. concern of a monopoly: very few have to develop organisms with this expensive
2. due to patents and "suicide seeds", farmers need to purchase new seeds every season
3. there have been instances of contamination of GMO
4. GM gene can hump onto other crops (ex: weeds becoming herbicide resistant)
5. some people are concerned about the risk to human health (no evidence to prove this)
how many GMO foods have been approved to sell in Canada?
over 140 GM foods
novel foods
produced by novel tech. or ingredients that don’t have a long history of use
is there in Canada saying that GMO foods must be labelled as such?
no
golden rice
rice has no vitamins
lead to the development of golden rice
inserting beta-carotene (vitamin A) gene plants into rice
yellow colour
enviropig
expel high amount of phosphorus, pollutes soil and water
inserted genes from e. coli
ability to produce phytase (breaks down phosphorus containing phytate)
Bt corn
transgenic organism, contains gene from bacillus thuringiensis
produce a protein that kills specific types of insects
protein binds to the receptors on the organism that wants to kill
herbicide resistant plants and suicide seeds
genetically engineered to be resistant to herbicide
what do greenhouse gases do?
Greenhouse gases absorb radiation from the sun and trap heat in the atmosphere, which can lead to warming of the Earth's surface.
in greenhouse gases, does nitrous oxide primarily produced by plant decay?
no, carbon dioxide is the primary source
whats included in greenhouse gases
carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, halocarbons
what is something incorrect about hydroponic farming
The vegetables grown by this technique can be at increased risk of microbial contamination.
what is something correct about hydroponic farming
Artificial light can be regulated to enhance the nutritional properties of the vegetables