(Unit 3) Psychology 1020: Practice test Chapter 5&6 Learning & Memory

Learning, as defined by psychologist, always involves the process of ____.

change

A behavior, such as a sneeze, that is an automatic reaction to something is called a ___ behavior.

respondent

The consequences of a behavior are most important in ____ conditioning.

operant

In classical conditioning, the letter U stands for ____.

unconditioned

The rate of learning is fastest at the ___ of a learning curve.

beginning

In classical conditioning the fastest learning occurs when there is a CS-US interval of about:

0.5 seconds.

The unlearning process is known as ____.

extinction.

In classical conditioning, if the US comes before the CS, it is called ___.

backward conditioning.

In operant conditioning, the technical term for the S^R is the ____.

reinforcing stimulus

Which of these is a secondary reinforcer?

money when poor

A politician may pose with a large flag behind him in the hopes that the flag will generate good feelings in the audience, feelings that will become connected to the politician! This is an example of ____.

backward conditioning

Edward Thorndike studied cats in ____.

puzzle boxes.

If a person becomes sick while eating at a particular restaurant, they may later have an ishy feeling in that restaurant. The restaurant is called a ____.

CS

The idea that a person is like a lump of clay that can be shaped in any way is called ____.

tabula rasa

What kind of learning involves reinforcers?

operant conditioning

Which of these is an example of negative punishment?

Mary’s bike is taken away from her when she says a bad word

Tolman identified a concept known as ____.

cognitive maps

A very high, steady rate of responding occurs with reinforcement schedules such as a gambling slot machine, which are called ____.

VR

The Bobo clown experiment demonstrated learning through ____.

observation

If a person feels a certain feeling when he smells a certain perfume, then this memory learned through the type of learning called ____.

classical

What is latent or incidental learning?

when in the act of learning one thing, a person also learns something else

In operant conditioning, the process by which a behavior will increase or decrease in frequency is called the Law of ____.

Effect

A person may have trouble forming new memory engrams if they have damage to which part of the brain?

hippocampus

What is a mnemonic?

a memorizing strategy

Which of these is an example of procedural memory?

remembering how to play piano

Which part of the brain is most active during working memory?

prefrontal cortex

Photographic memory is about the same as what psychologists call ____.

eidetic memory

Remembering where you parked your car is an example of ____ memory.

episodic

A person with TOT has a problem with memory ____.

retrieval

In the serial position effect, items from the beginning of a list are easily recalled because of the ____ effect.

primacy

Who was the famous patient who led to the modern concepts of memory storage in the brain?

H.M.

Karl Lashley was unable to find the engram in a rat’s brain because _____.

an engram is usually distributed in many years

Which type of amnesia results from damage to the hippocampus?

anterograde

Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a process that makes _____.

the link between brain cells stronger

Automatic, nonconscious body reactions to things are known as ___ memories.

procedural

Emotional memories are linked to which region of the brain?

amygdala

Which of these is a subtype of procedural memory?

priming

Which of these is a subtype of declarative memory?

episodic

Mr. Farber can’t remember where he put his car keys. This is a problem of ____ memory.

episodic

“Consolidation” is the process that occurs when memories are ____.

stored

A study (Wilson, 2001) found that rats had the same brain activity during ____ as they previously had when running a maze.

REM sleep

The capital of Germany is cold and starts with “Brr.” This is an example of what type of retrieval?

cued recall

Psychologist George Sperling had subjects look at a screen that contained letters of the alphabet for just a split second. He found that the subjects could recall _____.

about 4 letters

What type of memory did Sperling measure when he projected letters on a screen very rapidly?

sensory

Ebbinghaus found that forgetting occurred at the fastest rate ____.

immediately after learning

If a behavior is reinforced only one in a while, this procedure is called ____.

partial reinforcement

When a dog learns to salivate to the sound of a bell, the salivation is called a ___.

CR

Classical conditioning is a type of ____ memory.

procedural

Short-term memory lasts for about _____.

15 - 30 seconds

If an animal learns a method of escaping from an unpleasant situation, this type of learning is called ____.

negative reinforcement

The type of learning that was studied by B.F. Skinner is called:

operant

If a rat will only push a bar when he hears a certain sound, then the sound is called:

a discriminative stimulus

In a classical conditioning, the fastest learning occurs if the time between the US and CS is:

very short

In classical conditioning, the learned behavior is called:

CR

Remembering the past tense of the verb “to go” is what type of memory?

semantic

Which part of the brain might be called the librarian for memory?

hippocampus

If I remember what happened to me this morning, what type of memory is that?

episodic

Psychologist Elizabeth Loftus is known for the study of ____.

a false memory

Eric Kandel won the Nobel Prize for the study of ____.

classical conditioning in sea snails

Psychologist Albert Bandura is famous for the study of children imitating the aggression of adults.

Bobo doll