A&P: Inorganic compounds and solutions in the body

Inorganic compounds

Structurally simple compounds:

-have only few atoms

-can’t perform complex biological functions

-Lack carbon (exept CO2, HCO3)

-water (55-60% of the body mass)

-acids

-bases

-salts

What are some inorganic compounds in our body?

Water

Most important and abundant inorganic compounds in all living systems on Earth

Medium

Water is the _______________ in which nearly all the body's chemical reactions occur

The polarity of the covalent bonds in the water molecule

What's the most important property of water?

Solvent

The polarity of the covalent bonds in water molecule makes water an excellent _____________ for other ionic or polar substances

Mucous, lubriacant

Water is a major part of _____________ and other _____________ fluids in the body

Hydrophilic compounds

Solutes that contain polar covalent bonds

-dissolve easily in water

Hydrophobic compounds

Solutes that contain non-polar covalent bonds

-not very water soluble

Form products

Water enables dissolved reactants to collide and ______________________

Waste products

Water dissolves ________________ to be eliminated in the urine

Hydrolysis

Reaction which Water can be added to large nutrient molecules to break them down into smaller molecules

dehydration synthesis reaction

when two smaller molecules join to form a larger one, a water is removed and is the product of the reaction

High

Water has a ___________ heat capacity

Because water absorbs heat energy, which is used to break its abundant hydrogen bond first, leaving less energy to increase the water’s temperature

Why water can absorb or release large amounts of of heat with only a modest change in its own temperature?

Mixture

A combination of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but not bound by chemical bonds

Gasses

Air is a mixture of:

Solute

A solvent dissolves another substance called a

More

Usually, there is _____________ solvent than solute

Evenly dispersed

In a solution, solutes remain _________________ among the solvent molecules in a solution

do not

Solutes _______________ settle out and accumulate in the bottom and in a colloid

Colloids

Differ from solutions mainly on the basis of the greater molecular size of the solute

Both a colloid and a solution

Milk is:

Large proteins

What component in milk makes it a colloid?

Calcium, lactose, ions

What component in milk makes it a solution

Settle out

Suspended material is mixed with the suspending medium for some times, but eventually, it will _______________

Blood

What is consider as a suspension?

Percentage

Measures the mass of a solute per 100mL of a solution

On 25g of K2SO4, add enough water to make 100mL of solution

How to make a solution of K2SO4 that is 25% concentrated?

Molarity

Measures Moles of solute per liter (mol/L) of solution

The amount (in grams) of any substance that has a mass equal to the combined atomic masses of all its atoms

One mole is:

58.44 gr

On mole (mol) of NaCl is equal to :

-Na atomic mass=22.99

-Cl atomic mass=35.45

Add enough water on 58.44gr of NaCl to complete one liter of the solution

How to make 1M water solution of NaCl?

the total number of molecules or particles in a given volume of solution

Molarity relates:

Avogadro's number

One mole of any substance of any substance contains the same number of particles: 6.023*10^23 units/mole

Dissociation

When inorganic salt, acids, or bases dissolve in water, they separate into ions and become surrounded by water

Electrolyte

The hydrated ions from dissociation are called

Acid

A substance that dissociates into:

1. One or more hydrogen ions H+

2. One or more anions

Base

A substance that dissociates into:

1. One or more hydroxide ions OH-

2. One or more cations

Salt

A substance that dissociates intoL

1. Cations and anions

2. Neither of which is H+ or OH-

Salt

Acids and base react with one another to form:

Neutralize

Acid and base _____________ each other

greatly disrupts body functions

What will happen with any departure from the narrow limits of normal H+ or OH- concentration?

pH scale

How to measure the concentration of H+ or OH- in the body fluids?

A solution's acidity or alkalinity expressed on the pH scale from 0-14, 7 is considered neutral

What's shown on a pH scale?

Distilled water

What's the only thing that is considered as neutral?

Acidic solution

A solution that has more H+ than OH-, pH below 7

Basic (alkaline) solution

A solution that has more OH- than H+, pH above 7

remains almost constant

The pH of fluids inside and outside the cells ___________________, even though strong acids and bases are continuously taken into and formed by the body

7.35-7.45

pH of the blood:

Convert strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases

What's the function of buffer systems?

Strong acids (or bases)

Ionize easily and contribute many H+ or OH- to the solution changing drastically the pH

Weaker acids (or bases)

Do not ionise as much and contribute fewer H+ or OH

- having less effect on the pH

1. Buffer systems (temporary)

2. Exhalation of CO2 (increasing the rate and depth of breathing)

3. Kidney excretion of H+ (the slowest but most effective and permanent)

What 3 major mechanisms remove the excessive H+ in the body?

Proteins

Most abundant buffers in body cells and blood. Hemoglobin inside red blood cells is a good buffer

Rise in pH

Increase exhalation of CO2 cause

Decrease in pH

Decrease exhalation of CO2 cause

Weak acid

Carbonic acid (H2CO3) can act as

Weak base

Bicarbonate ion (HCO3) can act as

Either an excess of shortage of H+

The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system compensates for:

Phosphate buffer system

Important in the intracellular fluid and urine

Kidney

Permanent elimination from the body is done by: