Revolutions of 1848 and the Age of Metternich

These flashcards cover key concepts and events from the Revolutions of 1848, the Age of Metternich, and related historical figures and movements.

What period of European history is characterized by the influence of conservatism under Metternich?

The Age of Metternich.

What year did widespread revolutions occur across Europe, challenging conservatism?

1848.

What was the primary focus of the Concert of Europe, established in 1815 by Metternich?

To promote conservative governments across Europe.

What major event marked the beginning of the Greek War of Independence?

It began in 1821.

Which three countries allied to help the Greeks in their war against the Ottomans?

Britain, France, and Russia.

What is nationalism?

The desire of a group of people to have their own nation defined by their own language and shared cultural heritage.

Who was the Tsar of Russia during the Decemberist revolt in 1825?

Tsar Nicholas I.

What was the outcome of the Decemberist revolt?

The revolt was crushed, leading to increased repression by Nicholas I.

What event in July 1830 fueled the July Revolution in France?

Charles the Tenth stripped voting rights from much of the middle class.

What was the result of the July Revolution in France?

Louis Philippe abdicated, and a provisional government restored the French Republic.

What major disagreement weakened the provisional government in France after the 1848 revolution?

The disagreement between liberals and socialists on government-sponsored workhouses.

Who crowned himself Emperor after the 1848 revolutions in France?

Napoleon Bonaparte's nephew, Napoleon III.

What demands did revolutionaries in the German states make during the revolutions of 1848?

More liberal reforms, constitutional reforms, voting rights, and unity of the German states.

What was the Frankfurt Assembly?

A gathering of delegates from the German states to draft a new constitution for unification.

What was the result of the revolutions in Austria during 1848?

Various ethnic groups revolted, but Austria, with Russian aid, managed to defeat them.

What long-term impact did the revolutions of 1848 have on Europe?

They failed, leading to an increase in conservative measures in the affected states.

Who was Tsar of Russia during the Crimean War and began liberal reforms?

Tsar Alexander II.

What significant reform did Alexander II enact?

He emancipated the serfs in Russia.

What was the October Manifesto?

A document that included reforms like universal suffrage for men, citizenship to all Russians, and freedom of speech.

What happened to the reforms established in the October Manifesto?

The tsar retained the right to veto any law and eventually rolled back some reforms.

Who was Alexander II's finance minister who modernized Russia's economy?

Sergei Witte.

What was a key contributing factor to the revolution of 1905 in Russia?

Many Russians lived in absolute poverty under an authoritarian regime.

What role did military repression play in the revolutionary events across Europe in 1848?

Military force was often used to suppress uprisings and maintain the conservative order.

How did the revolutionary events in 1848 relate to the earlier Greek War of Independence?

Both were driven by nationalism and challenges to conservative rule.

What did the revolutionaries want to change in Prussia during the 1848 revolutions?

They demanded constitutional reforms and voting rights.

What happened to the Frankfurt Assembly's constitution for German unification?

Frederick William refused to accept it, and the assembly could not reach significant decisions.