Chapter 4: Histology A&P (copy)

a group of cells that usually have a common embryonic origin and function together to carry out specialized activities

What is a tissue?

epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

What are the 4 tissue types?

they are formed to isolate waste products from cells

What are tight junctions?

helps cells stick together

What are adherens junctions?

mediate direct cell-cell contacts and provide anchorage sites for intermediate filaments important for the maintenance of tissue architecture.

What are desmosomes?

multiprotein complexes that facilitate the stable adhesion of basal epithelial cells to the underlying basement membrane

What are hemidesmosomes?

They allow two cells to communicate with each other.

What are gap junctions?

• cells are arranged in sheets and are densely packed

• many cell junctions are present

• epithelial cells attach to a basement membrane

• avascular

• mitosis occurs frequently

What are the features of the epithelial tissue?

it attaches epithelial to connective tissue

What is the function of the basement membrane?

• located in the spaces between connective tissue cells

• composed of fibers and ground substance

What is the extracellular matrix?

By layers: simple, pseudostratified, stratified

Cell Shape: Squamous, cuboidal, columnar

What are the classifications of epithelial tissue?

makes up multicellular exocrine glands in the integumentary system; include endocrine and exocrine glands

What is glandular epithelium?

goblet cells

What are unicellular glandular epithelial cells called?

sweat, oil, and salivary glands

What are the multicellular epithelial cells called?

simple tubular, simple branched tubular, simple coiled tubular, simple acinar, simple branched acinar, compound tubular, compound acinar, compound tubuloacinar

What are the shapes of multicellular exocrine glands?

• uses DNA

• found in salivary glands

What is merocrine secretion?

• whole top is pinched off & included in secretion

• found in mammary glands

What is apocrine secretion?

• mature cell dies and becomes secretory product

• found in sebaceous glands

What is holocrine secretion?

• made of cells and extracellular matrix

• does not have any free surfaces

• highly vascularized and has nerve supply (except tendons and cartilage)

What are the general features of connective tissue?

collagen fibers, elastic fibers, reticular fibers

What are the 3 fibers found in the connective extracellular matrix?

Mesenchyme, mucous

What are the classifications of embryonic connective tissue?

Loose, Dense, Cartilage, Bone, Blood

What are the classifications of mature connective tissue?

flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body

What are membranes?

epithelial and synovial membranes

What are the two types of membranes?

Mucous, Serous, and Cutaneous

What are the three types of epithelial membranes?

consists of fibers that provide motion, maintain posture, and produce heat

What are the general characteristics of muscular tissue?

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

Neurons & Neuroglia

What are the two kinds of nervous tissue?

• most neurons have a cell body, dendrites, and axons

• neurons carry sensory or motor information and they can perform integrative functions

• Neuroglia protect and support neurons

• found in brain, spinal cord, and nerves

What are the general characteristics of nervous tissue?

voluntary muscle movement

Where is skeletal muscle found?

smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow visceral organs (liver, pancreas, intestines, stomach )

Where is smooth muscle found?

In the heart

Where is cardiac muscle found?

connective tissue proper, supporting connective, fluid conncetive

What are the types of connective tissue?

Loose connective tissue & dense connective tissue

What are the two types of proper connective tissue?

Areolar (found underneath the dermis), Adipose (found in hypodermis), Reticular(found in dermis)

What are the types of loose connective tissue and where are they found?

Dense regular connective ( found in tendons, ligaments, respiratory tract, blood vessel walls) & dense irregular connective(found in dermis)

What are the types of dense connective tissue and where is it found?

bone, cartilage

What are the types of supporting connective tissue?

elastic(dermis, lungs, blood vessels, ligaments, ear cartilage) fibrous(dermis, tendons, and ligaments) , hyaine (found in the articular surface of movable joints, walls of respiratory tract)

What are the types of cartilage and where are they found?

spongy, compact

What are the two types of bones?

What is the function of the epidermal ridges?

make fingerprints