SKELETAL TESTTT

Abduction

Movement of a limb away from the body

Acromegaly

Is a rare condition where the body produces too much growth hormone, causing body tissues and bones to grow quickly

Adduction

Movement of a limb back to the body

Amphiarthrosis

Slightly moveable joint

Structural Category: Cartilaginous

Ex: Tibia, fibula, vetebrae, pubic bone

Anatomical Position

Facing front, palms up, and feet forward

Angular Movement of Joints

These types of joints will increase the angle of the joints

Ex: Flexion, Abduction, Extension, Adduction, Hypertension, and Circumduction

Anterior

Front

Appendicular Skeleton

Bones of the limbs and limb girdles that are attached to the axial skeleton

Arthritis

A diseases that causes inflamed, swollen and painful joints.

There are 3 types of arthritis

Axial Skeleton

A position of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, clavicle, and vertebral column

Ball and Socket Joint

Head of one bone articulates with cavity of other. Movements in all planes and rotations.

Ex: Shoulder and Hip

• Rotational Movement: Allows bones to rotate on its axis

Bone Marrow

Is in the shaft/diaphysis of the bone. This is where the red and white blood cells are made

Circumaduction Joints

Movement of the limb in a circular motion

Clavicle is _______ to the scapula

Anterior

Cleft Palate

The roof of the mouth doesn’t connect forms a gap or cleft.

• Affects upper jaw, problems with appearance, speech, and swallowing

Components of Bones

• Spongy: Has spaces - epiphysis

• Compact: No space between cells — shaft in the shaft

• Bone Marrow is the shaft/diaphysis of the bone is where the red and white blood cells are made

Condyle

A rounded process usually is an area that attaches to another bone

Core Terms

Anterior, Posterior, Superior, and Inferior

Diathrosis

Freely moveable joints

Structural Category: Synovial

Ex: Pelvic Girdle, hips, shoulder, elbow, and knee

Diarthrotic Joints

Synovial Joints:

• Hinge Joints: movement in one plane only (elbows and phalanges)

• Pivot Joints: allows rotation for neck, wrist, elbow, and radius

Distal

Furthest away from the trunk

Clavicle is _______ to the scapula

Anterior

Ribs are____ to the sternum

Posterior

The coccyx is _______ to the skull

Inferior

The skull is ______ to the sternum

Superior

The ulna is_______ to the radius

Medial

The metacarpals are _______ to the carpals

Distal

The femur is ______ to the tibia

Proximal

The radius is _______ to the ulna

Lateral

Bone Marrow

is in the shaft/diaphysis of the bone this is where red and white blood cells are made

Epiphysis

is found at two ends of the bone

Long bones

Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Metacarpal, Phalanges, Femur, Tibia, Fibula, and Metatarsals

Flat bones

Cranial bones, Scapula Sternum and Ribs

Irregular Bones

Does not fit into the category: Vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, and all facial bones

Sesamoid bone

Patella-is a type of bone that is found inside a tendon. This is where a tendon passes over the joint

Storage and Minerals

-Calcium and Phosphorous
-If the body cannot get enough calcium from nutrition, osteoclasts, will break down the bones to obtain the minerals
-Bones produce white and red blood cells in bone marrow

Structure, Protection and Shape

The muscle pulls on bones and gives stress on bones, which makes more bone

Tuberosity

A rounded process that allows for attachment for a muscle

Suture

An interlocking line between two bones(bones of skull)

Foramen

An opening in a bone through a bone that usually serves as a passageway for blood vessels, nerves or ligaments

Condyle

A rounded process usually is an area that attaches to another bone

Process

A prominent projection on a bone

Head

An enlargement on the end of a bone

Osteoporosis

A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily.
-Process of bones becoming weak
-Women are affected more after menopause
-Prevention: Calcium and exercise

Red bone marrow transplant

Replaces unhealthy blood-forming cells with healthy ones
-Produces red blood cells/or any blood cells

Cleft palate

The roof the mouth doesn't connect forms a gap or cleft.
-Affects the upper jaw, problems with swallowing, appearance and speech

Spina Bifida

Spinal cords ends like a ball on the outside of the skin
-Difficulty with bladder
-There is a possible way to fix in when in mother's womb

Osteoma

Bone tumor attached to bone

Arthritis

A diseases that causes inflamed, swollen and painful joints
There are 3 different types of arthritis

Osteoarthritis

the most common form of arthritis, together with minor signs of inflammation from wear and tear
-Most common areas are fingers, lower vertebrates, knees, and hips

Post traumatic arthritis

-This is a branch of osteoarthritis
-Occurs due to an injury at a joint
-Many times happens while playing a sport.
-Most commonly after a fracture or dislocation

Rheumatoid Arthritis

-This type of arthritis is an autoimmune disease
-This is where the synovial joints get inflamed and thickened which leaves thick and deposits
-This leads to restrictions in movement and is very painful

Scoliosis

-When back curves to one side or the other
-If it severe you can't expand lungs to full potential

Kyphosis

Hunch back, an increase curve from front to the back

Lordosis

Increases curve from back to front: Stomach sticks out

Joints

are meeting place between two bones

Diarthrosis

Freely moveable joints /structural categories are called synovial ex: pelvic girdle, hips, shoulder, elbow, and knee

Amphiarthrosis

Slight moveable joint/Structural category: Cartilaginous
ex: tibia, fibula, vertebrae, pubic bone

Synarthrosis

Non-moveable joint/ Structural joint category: Fibrous joint
ex: sutures of skull

Diarthrotic Joints

Synovial joints:
-Hinge Joints: movement in one plane only(elbow, phalanges
-Pivot joints: allow rotation neck, wrist, elbow, and radius allows for rotation

Hinge Joints

movement in one plane only(elbow, phalanges)
Diarthrotic joints

Pivot joints

allow rotation neck, wrist, elbow, and radius allows for rotation
Diarthrotic joints

Gliding/Plane joints

Allows sliding/gliding movement -- back and forth , side to side (joints within wrist and ankle)
Diarthrotic joints

Saddle Joints

Permits variety of movements.
Articulating surfaces have both convex and concave surfaces
- allows you to twiddle your thumbs
Diarthrotic joints

Ball and Socket Joint

Head of one bone articulates with cavity of other. Movements in all planes and rotations.
Ex: Shoulder and Hip
-Rotational movement: allows bones to rotate on its axis

Angular Movement of Joints

These types of joints will increase or decrease the angle of the joints
Flexion, Abduction, Extension, Adduction, Hypertension and Circumduction

Flexion

Decreasing the angle at a joint

Extension

Increasing the angle at a joint

Hypertension

Overly increasing the angle at a joint (ouch)

Abduction

Movement of a limb away from the body

Adduction

Movement of a limb back to the body

Circumaduction joints

Movement of the limb in a circular movement

What is an example of Synarthrosis joint?

sutures of the skull

What is cartilaginous joint?

Slight moveable joints

What are diarthrosis joints?

Free moveable joint

What is amphiarthrosis?

slightly moveable joint

What is a synarthrosis joint?

an immovable joint

What is the fibrous joint?

an immovable joint

What are synovial joints?

freely movable joints

Where are cartilaginous joints found?

Vertebrae, knee, tibia, fibula, pubic bone

Where are synovial joints found?

Hip, pelvic girdle, shoulder, elbow and knee

Components of bones

Spongy: has spaces: epiphysis
Compact: no space between the cells---shaft in the shaft
Bone marrow is in the shaft/diaphysis of the bone is where the red and white cells are made

What bones do the pivot joints contain?

elbow, wrist, neck

What bones do Gliding/Plane joint

joints within wrist and ankle

What bones do Saddle Joint contain?

Thumb