Unit 1 Biological Bases of Behavior (States of Consciousness Edition)

AP Psych

Consciousness

The state of being aware of and able to perceive one's thoughts, feelings, sensations, and surroundings. It involves various levels, from alert wakefulness to altered states such as sleep or mediation.

Circadian Rhythm (Sleep/Wake Cycle)

The natural, internal process that regulates the sleep-wake cycle and repeats roughly every 24 hours. It influences patterns of alertness, hormone release, body temperature, and other physiological processes.

Jet Lag

A temporary disruption of the body's circadian rhythm due to rapid travel across multiple time zones. It can result in fatigue, sleep disturbances, and difficulty concentrating as the body adjusts to the new time zone.

Shift Work

Employment schedules that require working outside of typical daytime hours, often disrupting the body's natural circadian rhythm. It can lead to sleep disturbances, fatigue, and increased risk of health problems due to the mismatch between work hours and the body's internal clock

NREM Stage 1

The first stage of non-rapid eye movement sleep characterized by drifting in and out of sleep, lasting only a few minutes.

Hypnagogic Sensations

Vivid, dream-like experiences that occur while transitioning from wakefulness to sleep

NREM Stage 2

The second stage of non-rapid eye movement sleep characterized by light sleep, lasting about 20 minutes

NREM Stage 3

The deepest stage of non-rapid eye movement sleep characterized by the presence of predominantly delta waves

REM Sleep

A stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, vivid dreams, and muscle paralysis

REM Rebound

The phenomenon where the body increases the time spent in REM sleep after a period of REM deprivation

Activation-Synthesis (Dreams)

A theory proposing that dreams are the result of random neural activity in the brainstem during REM sleep, which is then interpreted and synthesized by the cerebral cortex into a narrative or story

Consolidation Theory (Dreams)

A theory suggesting that dreams play a role in the memory consolidation and processing of memories. During sleep, the brain organizes and integrates information acquired throughout the day, contributing to memory storage and learning

Memory Consolidation

The process of converting short-term memories into long-term ones

Restoration of Resources

The process during sleep where the body and brain replenish energy, repair tissues, and remove waste products, promoting physical and mental well-being

Insomnia

A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or experiencing restorative sleep, leading to daytime impairment such as fatigue, mood disturbances, and decreased cognitive function

Narcolepsy

A sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, sudden episodes of muscle weakness (cataplexy), sleep paralysis, and hallucinations during sleep onset or awakening

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

A sleep disorder where individuals physically act out their dreams during REM sleep, potentially causing injury to themselves or other due to loss of muscle paralysis

Sleep Apnea

A sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing or shallow breathing during sleep, leading to disrupted sleep patterns, daytime fatigue, and other health problems

Somnambulism

A sleep disorder commonly known as sleepwalking, characterized by walking or performing other activities while still asleep. It typically occurs during non-REM sleep stages and can result in injuries or accidents

Psychoactive Drugs

Substances that alter brain function, leading to changes in perception, mood, consciousness, cognition, or behavior

Agonists

Substances that bind to neurotransmitter receptors and mimic their effects, enhancing neural activity

"AGonists ACTivate"

Antagonists

Substances that bind to neurotransmitter receptors without activating them, blocking the effects of neurotransmitters

"ANTagonists ANTagonize"

Reuptake Inhibitors

Medications that block the reabsorption of neurotransmitters by the sending neuron, thereby increasing the concentration of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft and enhancing neurotransmission

Stimulants

Drugs that increase neural activity and arousal, leading to heightened alertness, attention, and energy levels

Caffeine

A natural stimulant found in coffee, tea, and some sodas. It acts on the central nervous system, increasing alertness and reducing fatigue by blocking the neurotransmitter adenosine

Cocaine

A powerful stimulant derived from the coca plant. It increases neural activity, leading to euphoria, increased energy, and alertness

Depressants

Drugs that slow down neural activity and bodily functions. They induce relaxation, sedation, and can lower inhibitions

Alcohol

Depressant drug that slows down neural activity in the central nervous system. It can impair judgment, coordination, and cognitive functions, leading to relaxation, euphoria, and in higher doses, intoxication

Hallucinogens

Drugs that alter perception, mood, and cognitive processes, often causing hallucinations or profound changes in consciousness

Marijuana

Psychoactive drug derived from the cannabis plant. It contains THC, which alters mood, perception, and cognition. Effects include relaxation, altered perception of time, and heightened sensory experiences

Opioids

Psychoactive drugs that act on opioid receptors in the brain and body, producing pain relief, euphoria, and sedation

Heroin

A highly addictive opioid drug derived from morphine. It produces intense euphoria, pain relief, and sedation by binding to opioid receptors in the brain

Tolerance

A condition where increasing amounts of a psychoactive substance are needed to achieve the same effects. It occurs due to the brain's adaptation to the drug, leading to reduced sensitivity to its effects over time

Addiction

A chronic brain disorder characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use, despite harmful consequences. It involved changes in brain structure and function, leading to a loss of control over drug consumption

Withdrawal

The onset of symptoms when a person stops using a psychoactive substance after prolonged use. Symptoms can include physical discomfort, psychological distress, and cravings for the drug