Practice Flashcards: Acids, Bases, and Salts

Vocabulary flashcards covering the definitions, theories, types, and properties of acids, bases, and salts based on the lecture transcript.

Acidus

The Latin root for 'acid,' meaning 'sour to taste.'

Alkali

A base that dissolves in water.

Sulfuric acid

$H_2SO_4$; a common inorganic acid used in car batteries, as a drying agent, and in oil refining.

Nitric acid

$HNO_3$; an inorganic acid used primarily to make fertilizers and explosives.

Carbonic acid

$H_2CO_3$; a weak acid found in fizzy drinks and acid rain.

Arrhenius acid

A compound that dissociates in water to produce hydrogen ions ($H^+$) as the only positive ions.

Hydronium ion

$H_3O^+$; the ion formed when a hydrogen ion ($H^+$) combines with a water molecule.

Arrhenius base

A compound that ionizes in water to produce hydroxide ions ($OH^-$) as the only negative ions.

Br nsted-Lowry acid

A substance that acts as a proton ($H^+$) donor.

Br nsted-Lowry base

A substance that acts as a proton ($H^+$) acceptor.

Lewis acid

A substance that acts as an electron pair acceptor.

Lewis base

A substance that acts as an electron pair donor.

Amphoteric

A substance, such as water, that can act as both an acid (donating a proton) and a base (accepting a proton) depending on the reaction.

Neutralization

The chemical process where an acid reacts with a base (or alkali) to form a salt and water only.

Inorganic (mineral) acids

Acids derived from minerals, such as $HCl$, $H_2SO_4$, and $HNO_3$.

Organic acids

Acids found in living things and foods, such as Acetic acid (vinegar) or Citric acid (lemons).

Ionization

The process of a substance breaking into ions when in water.

Strong acid

An acid that ionizes completely in water, producing a high concentration of $H^+$ ions.

Weak acid

An acid that ionizes only partially in water, resulting in a low concentration of $H^+$ ions.

Basicity of an acid

The number of replaceable hydrogen ions ($H^+$) in one molecule of the acid.

Monobasic acid

An acid that has 1 replaceable hydrogen ion per molecule, such as $HCl$ or $CH_3COOH$.

Salt

The compound formed when all or part of the ionizable hydrogen in an acid is replaced by a metallic or ammonium ion.

Normal salt

A salt formed by complete neutralization where all replaceable hydrogen ions are replaced.

Basic salt

A salt formed when there is insufficient acid for complete neutralization, resulting in the presence of hydroxide ions ($OH^-$).

Acidic salt

A salt formed by partial replacement of replaceable hydrogen ions; it turns blue litmus red.

Double salt

A salt that ionizes to produce three different ions in solution (two positive and one negative), such as potash alum.

Complex salt

A salt containing a charged group of atoms called a complex ion that remains intact in solution.

Hydrolysis of salt

The reaction of a salt with water to produce an acidic or alkaline solution, occurring when ions from a weak acid or weak base are present.

Solubility

The maximum amount of a solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a specific temperature to form a saturated solution.

Hydrated salts

Salts containing a fixed number of water molecules chemically combined in their structure, known as water of crystallization.

Efflorescence

The property of certain hydrated substances to lose some or all of their water of crystallization upon exposure to air.

Deliquescence

The property of substances to absorb so much moisture from the air that they dissolve and form a solution.

Hygroscopy

The property of substances to absorb moisture from the air without forming a solution; they may become diluted or experience a slight mass change.

Drying agents

Substances with a high affinity for water used to remove moisture through physical changes.

Dehydrating agents

Substances that remove the elements of hydrogen and oxygen (intramolecular water) from a compound.