hawk tuah cmsc 1-4

affective computing

A type of computing that relates to emotion or that deliberately tries to influence emotion

amoral behavior

When a person has no sense of right and wrong and no interest in the moral consequences of his or her actions

artificial intelligence (AI)

The branch of computer science that deals with the attempt to create computers that think like humans

artificial neural networks (ANNs)

Computer systems constructed based on the structure of the human brain using loosely connected artificial neurons

augmented reality (AR)

A combination of our normal sense of the objects around us with an overlay of information displayed

bot accounts

Automated programs retweeting news stories and quotes

cognitive surplus

The combination of leisure time and the tools needed to be creative

collaborative consumption

Joining together as a group to use a specific product more efficiently

computer forensics

The application of computer systems and techniques to gather potential legal evidence; a law enforcement specialty used to fight high-tech crime

computer literacy

Being familiar enough with computers that a user knows how to use them and understands their capabilities and limitations

computer vision

The ability of a computing device to interpret visual information the way humans do

crisis-mapping tool

A tool that collects information from e-mails, text messages, blog posts, and Twitter tweets and maps them, making the information instantly publicly available

crowdfunding

Asking for small donations from a large number of people, often using the Internet; a style of generating capital to start a business through social media

crowdsourcing

Obtaining information or input for a project (such as development of a product) by obtaining the opinions of many different people

data mining

The process by which great amounts of data are analyzed and investigated. The objective is to spot significant patterns or trends within the data that would otherwise not be obvious.

deep learning (DL)

AI systems capable of learning from their mistakes (just as humans do).

digital divide

The discrepancy between those who have access to the opportunities and knowledge that computers and the Internet offer and those who do not

embodied agents

Robots that look and act like human beings

ethics

The study of the general nature of morals and the choices individuals make

expert systems

A system that tries to replicate the decision-making processes of human experts in order to solve specific problems

hacktivism

Using computers and computer networks in a subversive way to promote an agenda

informational technology (IT)

The set of techniques used in processing and retrieving information

intellectual property

Refers to products derived from the mind, such as works of art and literature, inventions, and software code

intelligence

The ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills

knowledge representation

Encoding information about the world into formats that an AI system can understand

machine learning (ML)

A form of artificial intelligence that provides computers with the ability to learn without being explicitly programmed

natural language processing (NLP)

A feature of AI systems that allows the system to understand written and spoken words and to interact with humans using language

personal ethics

The set of formal or informal ethical principles that an individual uses to guide their ethical decisions

predictive policing

The gathering and analyzing of data in the hope of preventing future crimes

quick response (QR) code

Technology that lets any piece of print in the real world host a live link to online information and video content

recommendation engines

AI systems that help people discover things they may like but are unlikely to discover on their own

rules-based systems

Software that asks questions and responds based on preprogrammed algorithms.

social media

Websites or apps that allow users to create and share content and/or participate in social networking with others

software

The set of computer programs or instructions that tells the computer what to do and that enables it to perform different tasks

spam

Unwanted or junk e-mail

supervised learning

Training an AI system using a huge number of examples

Turing test

A simple test to distinguish between a human and a computer system.

unethical behavior

Not conforming to a set of approved standards of behavior—for example, cheating on an exam

unsupervised learning

When an AI system can look at data on its own and build rules for deciding what it is seeing

virtual reality (VR)

An artificial environment that is immersive and interactive

Web 2.0

Tools and Web-based services that emphasize online collaboration and sharing among users

2-in-1 PC

A laptop computer that can convert into a tablet-like device

3D printer

Used to print three-dimensional models

all-in-one computer

A desktop system unit that houses the computer's processor, memory, and monitor in a single unit

all-in-one printer

A device that combines the functions of a printer, scanner, copier, and fax

application Software

The set of programs on a computer that helps a user carry out tasks such as word processing, sending e-mail, balancing a budget, creating presentations, editing photos, taking an online course, and playing games

aspect ratio

The width-to-height proportion of a monitor

assistive (adaptive) technology

Any device, software feature, or app that is designed to improve the functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities

binary digit (bit)

A digit that corresponds to the on and off states of a computer's switches. A bit contains a value of either 0 or 1

binary language

The language computers use to process data into information, consisting of only the values 0 and 1

Bluetooth technology

A type of wireless technology that uses radio waves to transmit data over short distances (approximately 3-300 feet depending on power); often used to connect peripherals such as printers and keyboards to computers or headsets to cell phones

byte

Eight binary digits (bits)

central processing unit (CPU, or processor)

The part of the system unit of a computer that is responsible for data processing; it is the largest and most important chip in the computer.

Chromebook

Any laptop or tablet running the Chrome OS as its operating system

cloud-ready printer

Printers that connect directly to the Internet and register themselves with Google Cloud Print

cloud storage

A service that keeps files on the Internet (in the "cloud") rather than storing files solely on a local device

CMYK

A color model in which all colors are described as a mixture of four base colors (cyan, magenta, yellow, and black)

cold boot

The process of starting a computer from a powered-down or off state

computer

A data-processing device that gathers, processes, outputs, and stores data and information

connectivity port

A port that enables a computing device to be connected to other devices or systems such as networks, modems, and the Internet

cursor

An onscreen icon (often shown by a vertical bar or an arrow) that helps the user keep track of exactly what is active on the display screen

data

Numbers, words, pictures, or sounds that represent facts, figures, or ideas; the raw input that users have at the start of a job

desktop computer

A computer that is intended for use at a single location. A desktop computer consists of a case that houses the main components of the computer, plus peripheral devices

digital convergence

The use of a single unifying device to handle media, Internet, entertainment, and telephony needs

display screen (monitor)

A common output device that displays text, graphics, and video as soft copies (copies that can be seen only on screen)

distributed (grid) computing

A software system in which components located on networked computers interact to achieve a common goal

drive bay

A special shelf inside a computer that is designed to hold storage devices

earbuds

Listening devices that connect to computing devices so sound can be heard

electrical switch

the devices inside the computer that are flipped between the two states of 1 and 0, signifying on and off

embedded computer

A specially designed computer chip that resides inside another device, such as a car. These self-contained computer devices have their own programming and typically neither receive input from users nor interact with other systems

ergonomics

How a user sets up his or her computer and other equipment to minimize risk of injury or discomfort

Ethernet port

A port that transfers data at speeds of up to 10 Gbps; used to connect a computer to a modem or to a network

expansion cards (or adapter cards)

A circuit board with specific functions that augment the computer's basic functions and provide connections to other devices; examples include sound cards and video cards

external hard drive

A hard drive that is enclosed in a protective case to make it portable; the drive is connected to the computer with a data transfer cable and is often used to back up data

feature phone

Inexpensive cell phones with modest processors, simple interfaces, and, often, no touch screens

flash drive (jump drive, USB drive, or thumb drive)

A drive that plugs into a universal serial bus (USB) port on a computer and that stores data digitally.

flash memory card

A form of portable storage; this removable memory card is often used in digital cameras, smartphones, video cameras, and printers

flatbed scanner

Used to create a digital image from a tangible image (like a paper photo)

game controllers

Devices such as joysticks, game pads, and steering wheels are considered input devices because they send data to computing devices

gigabyte (GB)

About a billion bytes

gigahertz (GHz)

One billion hertz

global positioning system (GPS)

A system of 21 satellites (plus 3 working spares), built and operated by the U.S. military, that constantly orbit the earth. The satellites provide information to capable devices to pinpoint locations on the earth

green computing (green IT)

A movement that encourages environmentally sustainable computing (or IT)

hard drive

The computer's nonvolatile, primary storage device for permanent storage of software and data

hardware

Any part of a computer or computer system you can physically touch

headphones

Devices for listening to sounds on computing devices

Hibernate

A power-management mode that saves the current state of the current system to the computer's hard drive

High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI)

A compact audio-video interface standard that carries both high-definition video and uncompressed digital audio

information

data that has been organized or presented in a meaningful fashion; the result, or output that users require at the end of a job

inkjet printer

A nonimpact printer that sprays tiny drops of ink onto paper

input device

A hardware device used to enter, or input, data (text, images, and sounds) and instructions (user responses and commands) into a computer

integrated circuits (or chips)

Tiny regions of semiconductor material that support a huge number of transistors

intelligent personal assistant

Software designed to perform tasks or services for individuals

interactive white board

An input/output device that projects the computer's display onto a surface, which allows users to interface with the board and computing device

internal hard drive

A hard drive that resides within the computer's system unit and that usually holds all permanently stored programs and data

keyboard

A hardware device used to enter typed data and commands into a computer

kilobyte (KB)

A unit of computer storage equal to approximately 1,000 bytes

laptop (or notebook) computer

A portable computer with a keyboard, a monitor, and other devices integrated into a single compact case

large-format printer

A printer that prints on oversized paper. Often used for creating banners and signs

laser printer

A nonimpact printer known for quick and quiet production and high-quality printouts