Exam 2 Juvenile Delinquency

T/F: generally speaking, all deviance/delinquency theories are tentative and speculative in nature (in other words, all deviance/delinquency theories imply probabilistic concepts of causality)

true

T/F: overall, modern criminologists and law enforcement authorities follow the paradigm/philosophy of conflict theory when defining the concept of crime/deviance

false: functionalism

T/F: the main factor that motivates criminologists to propose deviance/delinquency theories is to help people understand the root cause of crime/deviance. that means whenever criminologists decide to propose a new theory, they should incorporate as many ideas/concepts into their theoretical statements as possible.

false: appropriate number

T/F: in terms of research focus, biological theory is a macro theory.

false: micro

T/F: sociologically, the spurious relationship between independent and dependent variables can be found in macro theories (such as conflict theory) only.

false: both macro and micro

T/F: since theory can help criminologists postulate the relationship between/among observed phenomena, it is not unusual that criminologists discover that there is a casual relationship between 2 seemingly irrelevant phenomena

true

T/F: the law is enacted by the government. as a result, the misconducts/crimes involved by state agents usually will be overlooked if criminologists use the paradigm of functionalism to analyze delinquent/deviant acts.

true

T/F: in terms of classification paradigm, the underlying philosophy of individualistic explanations of crime/ deviance (such as rational choice theory) is left realism

false: right idealism

T/F: If A represents cause while B effect, then tautology can be diagramed as follows:

A ----> B -----> A -----> A

false: A/B and A/B

T/F: in criminology, the concept ecological fallacy means that we use macro theories to explain micro phenomena, or vice versa

true

T/F: in terms of classification, one of the structure theories in deviance/delinquency study is control theory.

false: process theories

T/F: in terms of classification, one of the process theories in deviance/ delinquency study is subculture theory.

false: structure theories

T/F: in terms of quality, some valid theories are unreliable

true

T/F: in terms of quality, some reliable theories are invalid.

true

T/F: in terms of testability, theological and philosophical theories usually cannot be tested empirically

true

T/F: in terms of quality, all scientific theories are valid.

false: only some

T/F: in terms of quality, no scientific theory is reliable.

false: only certain categories

T/F: in criminology and delinquency study, the philosophical foundation of psychological theory of crime is left idealism

false: right idealism

which of the following theory of crime/ delinquency emphasizes that the law will become a tool for the ruling class to maintain its dominant position?

a. functionalism

b. conflict

c. symbolic interactionism

d. social exchange

e. all of the above

b. conflict

in terms of definition, tautology means that someone uses _______ reasoning to support his/hers argument.

a. contrastive

b. comparative

c. circular

d. composite

e. centralized

c. circular

which of the following is a topic seldom discussed by criminologists/deviance researchers?

a. morality

b. the nature of serial killing

c. the root cause of voyeurism

d. the nature of domestic violence

e. the characteristics of child prostitution

a. morality

generally speaking, which topic in the following belongs to criminal justice, but not to criminology/deviance study?

a. victimology

b. the behavior of social control agencies

c. the etiology of crime

d. the defining characteristics of sadistic rape

e. the social context of juvenile crime

b. the behavior of social control agencies

suppose you want to propose a theory to explain violent crimes. in this case, your theory should not contain variables suitable only for explicating property offenses like ___

a. drug related murder

b. domestic violence

c. physical abuse

d. aggravated assault

e. embezzlement

e. embezzlement

suppose you want to propose a theory to explain white collar crimes. in this case, your theory should not contain those variables suitable for explicating survival-related crimes like_____

a. abuse of political power

b. shoplifting

c. insiders trading

d. ponzi scheme

e. environmental crime

b. shoplifting

which theoretical paradigm in the following focuses on societal reactions to crime/deviance, instead of crime per se?

a. functionalism

b. conflict

c. symbolic interactionism

d. structuration

e. phenomenology

c. symbolic interactionism

if the statements of a given theory can be verified by empirical data, then criminologists usually will argue that such a theory has

a. reliability

b. validity

c. predictability

d. duplicability

e. measurability

b. validity

T/F: in terms of theoretical stance, Adam Smith, Cesare Beccaria, and Cesare Lombroso are, among others, pioneers of rational choice theory.

false: not Cesare Lombroso, Jeremy Bentham

T/F: in terms of nature, modern rational choice theorists generally believe that crimes/deviant behaviors are mutually replaceable (or functionally equivalent)

false: classic

T/F: just like biological and psychological theorists, rational choice theorists believe that some people get involved in crime/deviance because of involuntary/uncontrollable biological desires or psychological drives

false: unlike, because of personal decisions

T/F: modern rational choice theorists believe that in hot spots of crime (such as the Little Cuba in Miami or the French Quarter in New Orleans), motivated offenders can find abundant opportunities to commit criminal or deviant behaviors

true

T/F: generally speaking, all of the following are suitable targets for motivated offenders:

- those convenience stores w/o any security apparatuses

- single women who did not return home until midnight

- prostitutes who "do business" in the street during midnight

true

T/F: in terms of classification, light and/or small things (ex: wallet and passport) are soft targets for motivated offenders

true

T/F: in terms of classification, big and/or heavy things (ex: locked car and gun safe) are hard targets for burglars

true

T/F: in terms of classification, unattended babies, young children, and single old women are soft targets for motivated offenders

true

T/F: in terms of classification, both convenience stores with alarm system and martial art instructors are hard targets for robbers

true

T/F: generally speaking, motivated offenders must possess special skill(s) or knowledge in order to gain access to (or control) soft targets

false: hard

T/F: generally speaking, motivated offenders must possess special skill(s) or knowledge if they want to access to (or control) hard targets

true

T/F: according to modern rational choice theory, human rationality is limited. This trait suggests that less-educated people can predict/evaluate the outcomes of their behaviors as objective/accurate as well-educated persons

false: cannot

T/F: according to rational choice theory, one of the methods for criminologists and sociologists to determine whether criminals/deviants will receive certain punishments is to measure the incarceration rates of arrested criminals

true

T/F: given that people have reasoning capacity to calculate the possible outcome(s) of their actions, severe punishments usually can effectively deter crime

false: cannot

T/F: in criminology and delinquency study, some of the factors that can prevent the phenomenon crime displacement from taking place include, but are not limited to, personal skills, information, legal punishment, and expected cost/benefits

true

T/F: in criminology and delinquency study, classic rational choice theorists assume that people usually can make rational decisions, regardless of decision maker's emotional status or educational level

true

T/F: in criminology and delinquency study, modern rational choice theorists argue that crimes do not have the same properties (i.e., each crime has certain choice-structuring properties). Accordingly, it's extremely difficult, if not impossible, for people (especially amateur criminals) to get involved in different types of crimes simultaneously

true

T/F: in criminology and delinquency study, the concept of choice-structuring property is advanced by Derek Cornish and Ronald Clark

true

T/F: from the perspective of crime displacement, arson and burglary share the same choice-structuring properties because both of them are property crimes

false: do not share, even if both property crimes

T/F: in terms of the possibility of being killed by the police at crime scene, unarmed robbery usually is riskier than armed robbery

false: less risky

T/F: in terms of opportunity structure, the following social environment can be characterized by slum areas:

High So M + High So T + Low So G

false: natural disaster stricken

T/F: in terms of opportunity structure, the following social environment can be characterized by gated communities:

High So M + High So T + High So G

false: downtowns

T/F: in terms of opportunity structure, the following social environment can be characterized by impoverished rural towns:

Low So M + High So T + Low So G

false: church concentrated neighborhoods

T/F: in terms of research specialty, Larry Cohen is a modern rational choice theorist

true

T/F: in terms of research orientation, both Ronald Clarke and Marcus Felson are modern rational choice theorists

true

which of the following can serve as a capable guardian of crime/delinquency?

a. German shepherd

b. your roomate

c. your boy/girl friend

d. alarm system of your house

e. all of the above

e. all of the above

in terms of purpose, the research focus of classical rational choice theory is on the _________ of crime/deviance.

a. elimination

b. prevention

c. categorization

d. rehabilitation

e. prediction

b. prevention

the philosophy of ________ laid a foundation for modern American criminal justice policies.

a. shock incarceration

b. re-education

c. rehabilitation

d. deterrence

e. treatment

d. deterrence

theoretically speaking, which of the following may not be able to serve as capable guardians?

a. school teachers

b. your neighbors

c. young babies

d. insane persons

e. c and d

e. c and d

which of the following concept about human nature is rejected by rational choice theorists?

a. reason

b. calculation

c. conditional free will

d. determinism

e. self-interest

d. determinism

which of the following can deter crime?

a. target-hardening

b. neighborhood watch

c. defensible space architecture

d. elimination of hot spot

e. all of the above

e. all of the above

the legacy of classical rational choice theorists includes everything but ___________.

a. making modern criminal justice system more humane

b. advancing the idea of pure rationality

c. helping modern criminology to take shape

d. rejecting the idea that capital punishment can deter crime

e. suggesting that racial minorities are a dangerous class

e. suggesting that racial minorities are a dangerous class

compared to classical rational choice theorists, modern rational choice theorists tend to emphasize _________ as the root cause of crime/deviance

a. age

b. educational level

c. perceived criminal opportunity

d. gender

e. all of the above

c. perceived criminal opportunity

which of the following, according to modern rational choice theorists, is less capable of exercising rationality of free choice?

a. the elderly

b. the insane

c. young children

d. morons

e. all of the above

e. all of the above

which of the following can improve/increase our rationality?

a. victim experience

b. education

c. financial hardship

d. academic training

e. all of the above

e. all of the above

T/F: according to Freud, the operation/function of ego is based on the principle of moral judgment

false: superego

T/F: in criminology and delinquency study, Sigmund Freud contends that human conscience comes from the mental element of id

false: super ego

T/F: in terms of function, both MMPI and DSM-5 are measuring devices. they allow criminologists to evaluate the chromosomal configuration of (chronic) criminals/delinquents

false: personality/behavioral traits

T/F: according to Hans Eysenck's cluster theory, someone may commit suicide if this person scored high on the psychoticism scale

true

T/F: from the perspective of constitutional theory, people with t-personality are sensation seekers (t: thrill)

false: T-personality

T/F: modern biological theorists of crime/deviance suggest that when someone's genetic makeup (or automatic nervous system) is defective (i.e., they are less sensitive to external stimuli), then this person may want to commit crime to satisfy his/her sensational needs

true

T/F: in criminology and delinquency study, the underlying assumption of biological and psychological theories of crime/deviance is that abnormal biological and psychological makeups will make some people more susceptible to crime/deviance

true

T/F: after analyzing the family history of the Juke clan, Richard Dugdale points out that crime/deviance is strongly related to the process of self control

false: inheritance

T/F: modern criminal psychologists generally agree that criminals/deviants (especially sociopaths and chronic offenders) have several personality traits in common. one of such personality features is lacking the ability to feel sorry

true

T/F: in criminology and delinquency study, the concept sublimation means that antisocial desires and drives generated by id are diverted to socially acceptable actions

true

T/F: relatively speaking, people with low IQ are more likely to face bio-psychological problems, like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, than people with average IQ

true

T/F: according to the FBI's psychological profiling, one of the core personality characteristics of disorganized criminal/delinquents is that they are socially mature

false: socially immature

T/F: if we follow William Sheldon's somatotypes to analyze crime/delinquency, then we generally can predict that people with endomorphic body shape are more likely to perpetrate violent crime

false: property crime

T/F: in criminology and delinquency study, both early biological and psychological theories of crime/deviance are strongly supported by empirical evidence

false: weakly

T/F: Totally, Lombroso identifies 27 physical characteristics which, he argues, are directly related to crime/deviance.

false: 37

T/F: In criminology and delinquency study, Freud argues that people with underdeveloped superego will actively seek punishment.

false: overdeveloped

T/F: In criminology and delinquency study, Lombroso uses the two concepts of criminal man and born criminal to explain the relationship between physical features and crime/delinquency.

true

T/F: Just like early psychological explanations of crime/delinquency, modern psychological theories of crime/deviance should be totally disregarded because they are abstract and speculative in nature. Few concepts/variables, if any, can be supported by empirical evidence.

false: unlike, should not, many of them

T/F: In criminology and delinquency study, Adolphe Quetelet argues that both average men and born criminals will exhibit invariable propensity in their behaviors.

true

T/F: According to criminal biologists, the genetic/chromosome makeup of the so-called super males is XXY.

false: XYY

T/F: According to sociobiology, some females get involved in crime/deviance (especially property offenses) because their behaviors are still directed by the instinct of gathering

true

T/F: According to sociobiology, some males got involved in crimes (especially violent crimes) because their behaviors, to an extent, are still directed by the instinct of hunting.

true

T/F: Compared to monozygotic/identical twins, dizygotic/fraternal twins usually will show higher degree of behavioral homogeneity (including antisocial behaviors)

false: lower

T/F: Adoption studies show that although the behavioral patterns of adoptive parents and children are not biologically linked, adoptive parents' delinquent behaviors, through the process of socialization, may still influence their adoptive children

true

T/F: According to DSM-V, one of the behavioral traits of oppositional defiant disorder (or antisocial personality disorder) is that a child will argue frequently with his/her parents/legal guardians for at least 6 months

true

T/F: According to biological and psychological explanations of crime/deviance, the most effective way to stop crime is having criminal offenders treated

true

T/F: In criminology and delinquency study, Adolphe Quetelet is a positivist

true

T/F: In terms of coverage, biological or psychological theory of crime/deviance is more convincing than theories based on the philosophy of right/left realism

false: less convincing

T/F: In criminology and delinquency study, Sigmund Freud is the founder of modeling/imitation theory

false: G Tarde

T/F: In terms of definition, negative punishment means that something undesirable is removed from a situation

false: desirable

T/F: According to cognitive theory, over-stimulation (OS) can turn non-deviants into chronic offenders because people can continually obtain satisfactions from OS

true

T/F: According to cognitive theory, under-stimulation (US) cannot turn non-deviants into chronic offenders because people cannot continually obtain satisfactions from US (which normally are routine activities)

true

T/F: According to Eysenck's cluster theory, people with the following personality structure are called stable extroverts:

Low Extrovert + High Neuroticism + Low Psychoticism

false: neurotic introverts

T/F: According to Eysenck's cluster theory, people with the following personality structure are called sociopaths:

High Extrovert + Low Neuroticism + Low Psychoticism

false: stable extroverts

T/F: According to Eysenck's cluster theory, people with the following personality structure are called stable introverts:

Low Extrovert + Low Neuroticism + High Psychoticism

false: psychotic introverts

T/F: According to Carl Jung, gays' criminal/delinquent behaviors should come from the biological/negative side of animus

false: anima

People with low intelligence appear to commit more crimes than those with high intelligence. Such a difference might be due to the variation of ________ rates.

a. incarceration

b. population

c. arrest

d. growth

e. prevalent

c. arrest

Some early psychologists believe that psychopaths have unique personality traits. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

a. higher threshold to punishment

b. extreme selfishness

c. higher threshold to use violence

d. good intelligence

e. shallow emotion

c. higher threshold to use violence

According to Freud's psychoanalytic perspective, people may get involved in crime or deviance if id or superego dominates their behaviors. One method that can help people restore mental balance is projection, which means ________.

a. seeing someone's own desires/urges in young people

b. seeing someone's own desires/urges in old people

c. seeing someone's own desires/urges in juvenile delinquents

d. seeing someone's own desires/urges in others

e. seeing other people's desires/urges as my own

d. seeing someone's own desires/urges in others