LC CHEMISTRY- FAMILIES AND ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

REBECCA'S LC CHEMSITRY SOME FAMILIES AND ORGANIC COMPOUNDS KNOWT

tetrahedral carbon

carbon atom which has tetrahedral geometry

name the two types of tetrahedral carbons

• chloroalkanes

• alcohols

chloroalkane

compound in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms in an alkane have been replaced by chlorine atoms

chloroalkane examples

chloromethane, trichloromethane

prefix for chlorine group

chloro

use for chloroalkane

industrial solvent, dry cleaning

physical properties of chloroalkane

• weakly polar

• not soluble in water

• soluble in non-polar substances (cyclohexane)

• liquids at room temp

functional group

an atom or a group of atoms which are responsible for the characteristic properties of an organic compound or a series of organic compounds

functional group of alchohol

-OH

alcohol ends in

ol

alcohol examples

methanol, propan-2-ol

name the 3 types of alcohols

primary alcohols
secondary alcohols
tertiary alcohols

primary alcohols

an alcohol where the carbon atom bonded to the OH group is bonded to only 1 other carbon

secondary alcohols

an alcohol where the carbon atom bonded to the OH group is bonded to only 2 other carbon

teirtary alcohols

an alcohol where the carbon atom bonded to the OH group is bonded to only 3 other carbon

ethanol molecular formula

C2H5OH

what was added to stop the ingestion of ethanol and what happens

methanol, makes it toxic, ethanol is denatured and become methylated spirits

2 physical properties of alcohols

• higher boiling points than their corresponding alkanes due to hydrogen bonding between the alcohol molecules

• small alcohol molecules are soluble in water due to the hydrogen bonding between the molecules

• larger alcohol molecules e.g butanol are not soluble in water as the effect of the hydrogen bonding decreases as the molecule gets bigger

planar carbon

carbon atom which has planar geometry, happens only when the carbon atom is unsaturated (contains a double or triple bond)

ketone functional group

CO-

name the 5 different types of planar carbons

• aldehydes

• ketones

• carboxylic acids

• esters

• benzene and natural compounds containing benzene rings

aldehyde functional group

-CHO

aldehydes end in

al

aldehydes examples

ethanal propanal

what key functional group in an aldehydes structure

carbonyl group

carbonyl group

highly polar C=O carbonyl group is always located at the end of the carbon chain in an aldehyde

properties of aldehydes and ketones

• aldehydes and ketones have higher boiling points than their corresponding alkanes because dipole-dipole forces in aldehydes are stronger than the weak Van der Waals forces in alkane

• aldehydes and ketones have lower boiling points than their corresponding alcohols because dipole-dipole forces in aldehydes are weaker than the hydrogen bonds in alcohols

• small aldehydes and ketones are water-soluble due to their polar carbonyl group, but as aldehydes get larger, their solubility decreases because the non-polar part of the molecule grows

aromatic

compound containing a benzene ring

aromatic aldehyde example

benzaldehyde

benzaldehyde description

smells like almonds as it is found in almond kernels. It is used as a flavouring agent.

ketone functional group

CO-

ketone functional group ends in

one

ketones example

Propanone, Butan-2-one

examples of keytones

propanone butan-2-one

ketone uses

propanone (also called acetone) is used in nail polish remove

what key functional group in a ketone structure

carbonyl group

carbonyl group

carbonyl group in ketone

highly polar C=O carbonyl group is always located on one of the central carbons, and never at the end of the carbon chain in a ketone

carboxylic acids functional group

-COOH

carboxylic acids ending

-oic acids

carboxylic acids examples

methanoic acids, ethanoic acid

carboxylic acids uses

• methanoic acid found in nettle and ant stings

• ethanoic acid is used as a flavouring agent in vinegar

• used to make cellulose acetate (camera film)

carbonyl group in carboxylic acids

highly polar C=O carbonyl group is always located at the end of the carbon chain in a carboxylic acid

properties of carboxylic acids

• carboxylic acids have higher boiling points than alkanes, aldehydes, alcohols, and ketones due to strong hydrogen bonding between molecules.

• small carboxylic acids are soluble in water due to hydrogen bonding, but solubility decreases as the carbon chain length increases

ester functional group

COOC

esters name ends in

-yl oate

esters examples

methyl ethanoate, ethyl methanoate

formation of esters

formed by reacting an alcohol with a carboxylic acid, with sulphuric acid being used as a catalyst. this reaction is called a condensation reaction because it results in the loss of a water molecule

uses of esters

• used as flavourings and fragrances as they have sweet, fruity scents

• fats and oils are naturally occurring esters

physical properties of esters

• small esters are soluble in water due to dipole-dipole interactions between the polar C=O group and water molecules

• as the carbon chain length increases, solubility decreases because the non-polar hydrocarbon portion outweighs the effect of the polar C=O group

• large esters, such as fats and oils, are insoluble in water due to their extensive non-polar hydrocarbon structure