Unit 3 Populations APES Exam Review

Write an equation for the rule of 70. What is it used for?

D.T. = 70/ growth rate (r)

What are the four factors used to determine population growth? What is the equation?

Births-increase size, Deaths-decrease size, immigration-increase size, emigration-decrease size Population change= (births+immigration)- (deaths + emigration) Growth rate (r )= per capita birth rate-per capita death rate

From the equation in #3, what factors add organisms to a population? Which ones remove organisms from a population?

Organism size, energy used to make each individual, number of offspring produced, timing of maturation, life expectancy, lifetime reproductive events, survivorship curve

What is population momentum?

consequence of the demographic transition, explains why a population will continue to grow even if the fertility rate declines

List two characteristics of an r-selected species.

a) spend most of their time in Exponential growth (J shaped curve)

b) maximize the reproductive rate

List two characteristics of a K-selected species.

a) low death rate, live to old age

b) maintain their population levels at K

A Whooping Crane is a __________ (r or k selected species) and it is endangered because of the following:

K, number of birds released has been small and they are too young for breeding

A California Condor is a ______ (r or k selected species) and it is endangered because of the following:

K, population is threatened by poison ingestion, illegal egg collection, habitat loss, and power lines

An Orangutan is a ____ (r or k selected species) and it is endangered because of the following:

K, habitat destruction, illegal wildlife trade

A Dodo was a ____ (r or k selected species) and it is extinct because of the following:

K, bird was easy to catch because of it's no fear to humans

What is the difference between density dependent and density independent factors? Give examples of each.

Density independent factors: affect populations randomly without respect to density, poor regulators of population, examples- hurricane, tornadoes, floods, forest fires, drought, etc Density Dependent Factors: Affect populations when densities are high, good regulators of a population, examples- disease, competition, predation, parasitism

List the four most populated countries in the world and their current population size.

(1) China- 1,439,323,776

(3) United States- 331,002,651

(2) India- 1,380,004,385

(4) Indonesia- 273,523,615

What are characteristics that more economically developed countries are high in?

per capita GDP, degree industrialization, per capita fossil fuel use, ecological footprint, greenhouse gas emissions, risk from heart disease, risk from infectious diseases

What characteristic does a more economically developed country have a low in?

infant mortality rate

What characteristics does a less economically developed country have a low in?

per capita GDP, degree of industrialization, per capita fossil fuel use, ecological footprint, greenhouse gas emissions, risk from heart disease, risk from infectious disease,

What is an economically less developed country high in?

infant mortality rate

How did China and India slow their population growth down? What are the advantages and disadvantages of these policies?

Implemented a policy of one child per family, they offered birth control programs and offered economic incentives to families with fewer children

Describe each demographic transition stage

Stage 1- population grows very slowly because of a high birth rate and a high death rate

Stage 2- population grows rapidly because birth rates are high and death rates drop because of improved food production and health

Stage 3- population growth slows as both birth and death rates drop because of improved food production, health, and education

Stage 4- Population growth levels off and then declines as birth rates equal and then fall below death rates

Define total fertility rate

Average number of children born to women in a population

Define replacement level fertility

Average number of children a couple must have to replace themselves

Define infant mortality rate

-number of five births that die in first year

Define crude birth rate

number of live births/1000 per year

Define crude death rate

number of deaths/1000 per year

Consider the graph on the right and explain what can be inferred from the data it presents.

Girls that are enrolled in school have lower fertility rates because of the education they receive about birth control and other ways to prevent getting pregnant.

What factors affect America's population demographics?

Life expectancy, infant mortality rate, increased food supply and distribution, better nutrition, medical advances, improved sanitation

What is the number one way to decrease population size?

Control the amount of kids people can have

Why have death rates decreased in the last one hundred years?

Increased food supply and distribution, medical advances, better nutrition, improved sanitation

What are the most populous urban areas on the continent of Asia?

Delhi, Osaka/Kobe, Shanghai, Tokyo, Seoul, Mumbai

What are the most populous urban areas on North America?

Mexico City, New York City

What are the most populous urban areas in South America?

Sao Paulo

What is urban sprawl?

The uncontrolled expansion of urban areas

What are three environmental negative effects of urban sprawl?

High water and air pollution, increased traffic fatalities and jams, loss of agricultural capacity

What is zoning?

Process of dividing land into zones in which certain land uses are permitted or prohibited

Why do citizens leave rural areas to live in urban areas?

Poverty, increased employment opportunities, better living conditions

Describe three environmental impacts caused by the increase of humans on this Earth.

Pollution, overexploitation, overconsumption