Signaling Pathways That Control Gene Expression

Flashcards based on lecture notes about Signaling Pathways That Control Gene Expression.

TGF-β

The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family of extracellular signaling molecules inhibits cell proliferation and regulates development.

Smads

Interact with regulatory DNA sequences at sites adjacent to those occupied by cell-specific master transcription factors to induce target genes cell-specifically.

Wnt, Hedgehog, and NF-B

Signaling pathways controlled by Ubiquitinylation and Protein Degradation.

What is cell signaling?

Cell signaling is the process by which cells communicate with each other through chemical signals.

What are the types of cell signaling?

The types of cell signaling include autocrine, paracrine, endocrine, and juxtacrine signaling.

What is autocrine signaling?

Autocrine signaling occurs when a cell secretes a signal that binds to receptors on its own surface.

What is paracrine signaling?

Paracrine signaling involves signals that affect nearby cells, rather than the signaling cell itself.

What is endocrine signaling?

Endocrine signaling involves hormones that are released into the bloodstream, affecting distant target cells.

What is juxtacrine signaling?

Juxtacrine signaling requires direct contact between signaling and target cells, often through gap junctions or membrane-bound signals.

What role do receptors play in cell signaling?

Receptors are proteins on cell surfaces that bind to signaling molecules, triggering a response inside the cell.

What is signal transduction?

Signal transduction is the process by which a cell translates the chemical signal received into a response.

What is a second messenger?

Second messengers are molecules that relay signals received at receptors on the cell surface to target molecules inside the cell.