Social Inequality Final

The victim's rights and battered women's rights movements began in response to the

publication of what study?

National Crime Victimization Survey

Do immigrants commit more crimes than their native-born counterparts?

No, it is a false claim.

The overall arguments in Merton's Strain Theory.

People experience strain when they cannot succeed while following the norms of society. They will experience stress if they can not achieve the cultural goal of financial wealth through the institutionalized means-working hard.

What are the adaptations to anomic imbalance according to Merton?

Conformist, Innovator, Ritualist, Retreatist.

What are folkways?

Informal rules/norms; violation ends in mild sanctions.

What are mores?

Norms that govern moral and ethical behavior; violation results in harsh negative sanctions.

What are taboos?

Serious norms; breaking them can result in expulsion from society.

How do crime portrayals in media affect implicit bias?

Constant images of black men committing violent crimes create associations between black men and criminality.

Why are the wealthy less likely to be searched or incarcerated than the poor?

Racism in the criminal justice system and implicit bias.

What does Social Disorganization Theory suggest?

larger-scale social structual (macro) factors , rather than individual-level (micro) propensities, have the most impact on crime. When different structural forces exist in the same place, other social institutions (such as the family and the educational system) suffer. When the concentration of these social problems occurs in the same neighborhood, the result is social disorganization and higher crime rates

Ex; high-turnover neighborhoods

Name some proxy wars fought by the U.S.

Vietnam, Korea, Afghanistan, Angolan Civil War, Ukraine, Syria, Nicaragua.

What is the relationship between war and civil liberties?

War leads to new surveillance systems, and civil liberties are exchanged for safety measures.

What is the relationship between media coverage and PTSD?

Increased media coverage following events like 9/11 correlates with higher PTSD symptoms.

What is terrorism?

A threat or act of violence by nonstate actors against civilians for political or ideological goals.

What is the 'Power elite'?

Leaders of the economy, military, and political institutions who form a powerful ruling class.

What is the difference between spending on guns or butter?

Nations must choose between military spending (guns) and civilian needs (butter).

What is moral panic?

Feelings of fear that spread quickly through a population based on perceived threats.

How does legal cynicism affect interactions with police?

People are unwilling to report crimes or cooperate with police in areas with strong legal cynicism.

What is probation?

A supervised release instead of prison for misdemeanors.

What is parole?

Conditional supervised release after serving time in prison.

What is recidivism?

Criminal reoffending after sanctions have been imposed.

How do proponents of broken window policing believe crime can be stopped?

By cracking down on low-level disorderly behavior.

What is community policing?

police/public are partners in crime prevention. Giving citizens a voice and treating them with respect. Increased contact with residents, partnerting with neighbohood organizations, and a problem-oriented approach that seeks solutions to particular neighborhood outcomes. Citizens report greater satisfaction with police performance and vew them as legitimate when they adopt these strategies.

What are collateral consequences of having a criminal record?

Long-term effects on housing, education, public assistance, and voting rights.

Who provides the official definition of family?

The government.

What is the relationship between socioeconomic status and cohabitation?

College-educated cohabiters desire to live together for personal reasons, while low-income cohabiters do so for financial necessity.

What is intimate terrorism?

Chronic intimate partner violence with severe injury and psychological domination.

How do child abuse and child neglect differ?

Child abuse is active harm, while neglect is passive failure to provide basic needs.

What cultural shifts have occurred in marriage norms?

Marriage has shifted from an economic arrangement to being based on love and personal fulfillment.

Marriage decline /Example

significant drop in marriage rates. (cultural significance has changed, people turn to cohabitation, and singlehood, want to establish as independent adults first, hookup culture, economic issues)

How is poverty related to education?

Poverty-based challenges can undermine low-income students' ability to succeed in school.

What is the difference between education and schooling?

Education is a process that results in learning in various settings, while schooling is a formalized process where institutions deliver a standardized curriculum.

Idea of critical pedagogy and its relationship to social reproduction theory

beleif that teaching/learning are political acts. They maintain that teaching / learning can challenge oppression and strengthen democracy when the teachers overarching goal is to help leaders develop critical consciousness, or the ability to enact change in their everyday lives through political critique/social action (student-centered classroom that involves students in the process of learning through collaboration,discovery, and reflection)

Social reproduction characterizes schools as organizations that reproduce social stratification, helping society function and benefiting some more than others and making inequality appear fair

Many in the social reproduction tradition argue to use critical pedagogy

What was the ruling of Brown vs. Board of Education?

It deemed school segregation unconstitutional and mandated schools to implement the ruling with all deliberate speed.

What is explicit tracking?

Policies or people guide students into certain areas of study that correspond to their abilities.

What is implicit tracking?

School officials' assumptions shape their expectations and behavior toward students in subtle ways.

Who is most affected by suspension and discipline in public schools?

Students with disabilities, black boys, and low-income students of color are disproportionately affected.

How does having black teachers affect dropout rates among black boys?

Having at least one black teacher in grades 3-4 reduces dropout rates by almost 40%.

What is the status attainment perspective?

interprets schools as society's providers of access to the knowledge, skills, and credentials that people need to "attain status" or find suitable, appropriate positions in society. Modern societes use public schooling to train citizens for appropriate occupations that make society function smoother (china requires 9yrs of schooling before enrolling in secondary school and the USA has requirements varying from 8-12 yrs)-->if you have enough resources you will succeed

Does summer learning loss correlate with socio-economic status?

Yes, higher-income students are less likely to experience summer learning loss.

What is the primary source of school funding in the U.S.?

Local property taxes generate the greatest proportion of funding.

What was the medieval explanation for illness?

Illness was understood as a punishment from divine forces for immoral behavior.

What aspects of racism exist in the health care system?

Non-white mothers are less likely to have insurance and receive poorer-quality medical care.

Why do women have a longer life expectancy than men?

Attributed to gender not sex. Womens expectations with caregiving brignthem in more contact with medical professionals and report symptoms. They are also exposed moer to infectionous illnesses. Men are more likely to die because of riskier behaviors asssociated with gendered expecations. They are more likely to abuse drugs and alcohol, drive wrecklessy, and work in dangerous jobs. They are less likley to seek medical care. Causes are rooted in a mutable set of social expectations

How do most people in the U.S. receive health insurance?

From their employer (49.6%) OR through medicaid (19.8%)-->people who are within a certain percentage of the poverty line/disabled. and medicare (14.2%)--> some health insurance for retirees after 65. If you dont qualify for any, there is an individual health insurance policy, but it is expensive. Some people even go without

Does the U.S. government subsidize health insurance for employees?

Yes, through tax breaks for companies providing benefits.

What views oppose support for public health programs?

For COVID-19, Many Americans discounted/disbelieved what medical experts said about the dangers of the virus and resented the financial repercussions of the shutdowns that took place before masks/vaccinations

Some people refused to wear masks and many did not get vaccinated, making the virus spread and mutate. People who reject this idea that health problems stem from social forces, may oppose public health initiatives

Emile Durkheim's work, Suicide, and it's relationship to fundamental cause theory.

Emile Durkheim sought to understand how social forces could affect individual lives. In his masterpeice, Suicide, published in 1897, he laid out differences in the suicide rates across time and space and linked them to the extent to which various populations were integrated into/regulated by society. In order to explain disease in society, economic inequality stood above all.

Fundamental cause theory explains that socioeconomic status is a primary determinant of health across different social contexts

→across different times/places incerased socioeconomic status is associated with better health (exposure to stress, exposure to enviormental toxins, lack of access to high-quality food, and lack of access to healthcare)

What is medicalization?

The process by which medical professionals redefine issues as matters of health, such as alcoholism.

Mismatch between cultural goals and institutionalized means

result of an economic system that stresses the American Dream. simultaneously making it very difficult for most Americans to achieve this dream through accepted means. (USA has high economic inequality because the field is uneven for success)

Conformist

accept cultural goals and institutionalized means (keep working hard)

Innovator

accept cultural goals and reject institutionalized means (not put effort into advancing, but will work)

Ritualist

reject cultural goals and accept institutionalized means (criminals)

Retreatist

reject both (may retreat from society or life;addiction issues)

According to the conflict perspective, how is the law used?

As an instrumet weilded by the powerful to maintain their advantage (laws failure to punish, actions of the rich and control populations they consider undesirable- anti vagrancy laws)

trends in cohabitation

most are relationships or some fall into cohabitation by virtue of spending more nights together, cohabitation one after another called serial cohabitation, low income people live together for needs, marriage is becoming more like cohabitation (marriage is becoming deinstitutionalized) it is being accepted, cohabitation is linked to childbearing