ANSI 3543: Animal Nutrition - Exam 1

What are the 6 groups of nutrients

water, lipids, proteins - amino acids, vitamins, carbohydrates, and inorganic elements

What nutrients are energy producing

protein - amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids

What is the difference between essential and nonessential nutrients?

Nonessential - not required within the diet requirements

Essential - are required within the diet

What factors do influence the animals nutrient requirements?

species

selection traits

age

productivity

dietary constituents available

pregnancy, maintenance work, growth

other factors (heat, environment, humidity)

What materials make organic and inorganic components of animal feed?

organic: proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, non-proteins

inorganic: macro and micro elements

What are the major digestive organs

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestine

What are the associated digestive organs?

liver (secretes bile into small intestine)

pancreas (secretes enzymes into small intestine)

What are the 3 distinctive anatomical regions of the interior stomach?

Fungus, cardia & pylori

What are the functions of the distinctive anatomical regions of the interior stomach?

cardia & pylori: cell produce mucus to protect lining

fungus: contains gastric pit, which open into gastric glands

What type of cells can be found in the fungus of the stomach? What are the functions?

body chief / peptic cells

parietal / oxyntic cells

What are the functions of the cells found in the fungus of the stomach

body chief / peptic cells: produce proteolytic enzymes

parietal / oxyntic cells: secretes HCI (hydrochloric acid)

What is the villus?

they are finger-like projections

What are the 3 vessels found in each villus?

arteriole, venue (drains into portal bloody system), and lacteal (drainage of lymphatic system)

What are the 3 segments of the small intestine?

duodenum, jejunum and ileum

Which segments are mainly responsible for nutrient absorption?

jejunum and ileum

What are the 3 segments of the large intestine?

cecum, colon, and rectum

What is the role of bacterial fermentation in the cecum and colon?

synthesis of water-soluble vitamins, amino acids, and volatile fatty acids

What is the role of bile in fat digestion

making fat emulsify

What is the role of bile in absorption?

improves absorption of lipids

What are the 3 compartments of the stomach in birds?

crop - storage

proventriculus - site for production of gastric juices

gizzard - works like teeth

What are the physiological functions of saliva?

is a source of N, P, and Na utilized by the rumen

also aids in maintaining the pH in the rumen

What are the 4 compartments of the stomach in ruminates?

reticulum, rumen, omasum, and abomasum

What are the functions of the 4 compartments of the stomach in ruminates?

reticulum - transfers ingested food, it is like a filter

rumen - large fermentation vat; has a high population of micro organisms

omasum - reducing particle size, controls passage of digester in the lower tract, and absorption of nutrients

abomasum - glandular stomach of nonrumiants

What are the major classes of digestive enzymes and sources?

amylotic - saliva (carbohydrate)

lipoylotic - pancreas and small intestine (lipids)

proteolytic - stomach and pancreas (protein)

What digestive enzyme are produced by following organs? And what is their function?

salivary gland - amylase enzyme (starch digestion)

Stomach - proteloytic enzyme and rennin enzyme ( pro - lowers pH below 3.5 & rennin coagulates milk in young mammals)

Small intestine - maltase, isomaltase, lactase, and sucrase (digestion of oligosaccharide / disaccharides)

Pancreas - trypsin, chymotrypsinogen, trypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase (they have to be activited by an active enzyme)

What is the functional differences between teeth in herbivores and carnivores?

carnivores:

canine - tearing and rending,

molar - particle mastication and crushing bones

Herbivores:

incisor - nipping off plant tissue

molars - grind plant fibers

their jaws are able to move vertically and laterally to shred

3 major glands producing saliva in animals?

paranoids, submaxillary, sublingual

What are the physiological functions of the 3 major glands producing saliva?

aids formation of good into bolus, and tase mechanism, and preliminary digestive process

How does the GI tract of omnivore differ from carnivores?

omnivores:

more complicated to improve utilization, simple but long small intestine, large cecum, sacculated large intestine

pigs and humans are colonic digesters

carnivores:

short simple intestine, nonsacculated hindgut, limited of digesting fibrous feed, have little to no cecal capacity

examples dogs and cats

How does the GI tract of sheep differ from horse and rabbits?

sheep: have a complex and large stomach, small intestine long but simple, cecum large and large intestine short. usually pre gastric and hindgut

horses:

simple - small stomach, small intestine, large cecum, large sacculated large intestine

rabbits:

medium stomach, short - simple small intestine, large sacculated cecum, medium unsacculated large intestine

What are the 4 classes of carbohydrates?

monosaccharides - 1 mol of sugar: glucose, fructose, and galatose

disaccaride - 2 mole of sugar: sucrose, lactose

oligosaccharides - 3 - 10 units of sugar, fratco-oligosaccharide

polysaccharide - > 10 units of sugar; cellulose and starch

What monosaccharides make up sucrose, lactose, maltose, and cellobiose?

sucrose: glucose + fructose; table sugar

found in beets, sugar cane, and molasses

lactose: glucose+galatose; milk sugar

maltose: glucose+glucose; derived from starch digestion

cellobiose: glucose+glucose

How many molecular configurations of starch are found in nature?

2 forms, amylose and amylopectin

What are the structural differences between amylose and amylopectin?

amylose: 25-30% starch, straight chain of D-glucose, soluble in hot H2O

amylopectin: 70-75% starch, straight and branched chain D-glucose, insoluble in ho H2O

What are the components of plant cell walls?

cellulose: major one, glucose polymers linked via a glu(1-4) beta hemicelluloses

ligin: increases plant age

vegetables & cereals < grasses < legumes

What enzyme do digest the cellulose? What is the source? What is the product?

cellulose: results in production of volatile fatty acids

VFA include active, propionic, and butyric acids

sourced from the gut microflora

What are the steps in digestion of starch in the small intestine?

amylase from the pancreas help break down the starch molecule

converts to the disaccharide (maltose and isomaltose)

the maltose and isomaltose convert to glucose

which then turns into a monosaccharide

What mechanism is used in the GI tract for absorption of glucose?

3 layers

glucose - active transport - facilitated diffusion (GLUT 2) - passive diffusion

What transporters are involved in absorption of glucose in the GI tract?

Na dependent glucose transports

facilitative sugar transport

what is the difference between simple and complex lipids

simple - ester of fatty acids w/ glycerol or alcohols (waxes and oils)

complex - ester of fatty acids w/ alcohol that contain non-lipid substances

What are the non-lipid components of glycolipids and phospholipid?

glycolipids: sugar

phospholipid: phosphate and alcohol

Difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

sat: each carbon atom is attached to 2 H atoms, no double bonds

unsat: double bonds attached to C atoms

What are the sources for straight chain and branched chain fatty acids in animal tissues?

straight: dietary source common form w/ an even number of carbons

branched: in microorganisms w/ odd numbers in tissues of ruminants