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Mathieu Orfila
Father of Toxicology. He helped develop testing methods for arsenic poisoning and is credited as being the first person to analyze blood under a microscope.
Edmond Locard
Father of the Crime Lab. He established “Locards Exchange Principle” which states that every contact leaves a trace. He believed that a suspect would always leave particles at the crime scene as well as carry particles away.
Calvin Goddard
Father of Ballistics. Developed the technique to examine bullets using a comparison microscope to determine whether or not a particular gun fired the bullets. Established Bureau of Forensic Ballistics in 1925.
Albert Osborn
Father of Questioned Document Examination. His work led to the acceptance of documents as scientific evidence.
Alphonse Bertillon
Father of Anthropometry. Developed a system to distinguish individuals based on body measurements plus eye, hair, and skin color. Also invented the mug shot.
Francis Galton
Father of Fingerprinting. Improved methods of fingerprint identification so that the technique was accepted in courts of law as evidence. He found eight types of fingerprint patterns that could identify individuals.
Frye Standard
A legal standard used to determine the admissibility of scientific evidence in court, requiring that the evidence be generally accepted by relevant scientific communities.
Daubert Ruling
A legal standard that requires a more rigorous application of the scientific method including hypothesis testing, estimates of error rates, peer reviewed publication, and general acceptance. A guideline for the expert witness.
Rule of Evidence 702
Expert witness must be qualified in their field. Testimony is based on fact, data, and reliable scientific methods. Does not require general acceptance of technique.
In Frye v. United States, James Frye was convicted of ____
murder
During the investigations, Frye ____ a lie detector test.
passed
The lie-detector test was later deemed ____ in a court of law
inadmissible
The Daubert Standard was implemented after:
a doctor falsified his studies and his testimony in a court of law
In Frye v. United States, the proceedings urged the courts to examine the types of evidence it allows to be presented in a court of law. What was the main criterion of the Frye Standard?
The technique needs to be widely accepted in the scientific community.
It is the year 230 BC. Archimedes just invented a brand new method to measure density by dividing the weight of an object by its volume. He wants to use it in court to prove that his cousin’s crown is not made of pure gold. However, he doesn’t know which standard is in place in the court. Which standard, if it existed in 230 BC, would permit his evidence and testimony to be presented in court?
None of these standards
South Carolina has not adopted the Frye Standard or the Daubert Standard. Our state abides by the South Carolina Rule of Evidence 702. What is not included in the rule?
The method used must be widely accepted by the scientific community.
What did Albert Einstein say about a hypothesis?
It can never be proven right
Your Biology lab group is given a packet of tomato seeds. Your groups assignment is to plan and conduct an experiment and present your evidence and conclusions to the class. Which of the hypotheses below is the best one to work with?
Dillon says, “Tomato plants grow better on the ground than they grow at 10,000 feet above the ground.”
Sasha says, “Will tomato plants grow faster with better fertilizer?”
Lewis says, “These tomatoes will be sweet with a hint of tartness when we taste them.”
Bertie says, “Tomato plants that are fed a half cup of tomato juice every week will produce larger fruit.”
Bertie says, “Tomato plants that are fed a half cup of tomato juice every week will produce larger fruit.”
The lab group next to yours has chosen this hypothesis: “Increased light and increased temperature will make tomato plants grow taller.” These are friends of yours, and you want them to do well on this assignment. What do you tell them?
You are testing too many variables
After scientists complete an experiment, how do they confirm that the results are real and havent been influenced by an outside factor?
Repeat the experiment several times
When the sun comes up, flowers open
observation
A student gave a class report about experimentation. Three of the students statements are true, but one is false. Can you detect the statement that is false?
Once a theory has been accepted, it can go on to become a law.
A theory is an explanation of how or why something happens and is supported by evidence.
A theory can be derived from observation only and not necessarily direct experimentation.
A theory can be disproved.
Once a theory has been accepted, it can go on to become a law.
Control variable
A group in an experiment that is not exposed to the experimental manipulation, allowing researchers to compare results to a standard condition.
Ex: A group of plants that receive no fertilizer, representing the baseline plant growth without the experimental manipulation.
Dependent Variable
The outcome of interest for the study, what happens as a result of the independent variable (EFFECT)
Independent variable
the factors that may influence the outcome of the study (CAUSE)
Constant
A value or factor that does not change during an experiment, ensuring that the only independent variable is being tested.
Ex: The amount of water given to each plant in an experiment where different fertilizers are being tested on plant growth.
Deductive reasoning
Type of reasoning in which an individual reduces the options from the most general to the most specific
Ex: If all reptiles are cold blooded, and the iguana in the picture above is a reptile, we can use deductive reasoning to conclude that the iguana is cold-blooded
Inductive reasoning
Type of reasoning where specific features are used to arrive at a broader conclusion
Ex: When investigators lift fingerprints form a crime scene, say the fingerprint has an arch, one can conclude that anyone with an arch pattern is a suspect. Greater amount of uncertainty.
Cars have steering wheels. A ford Mustang is a car. Ford Mustangs must have steering wheels
Deductive
Mitch is a boy. He has red hair. All boys named Mitch must have red hair
Inductive
USPIS
Investigates the mailing of prohibited substances
DEA
Analyzes drugs used or found at a crime scene
FBI
Investigates federal crimes, well equipped for specific evidence analysis
AFT
probably wouldnt be called unless the letter contained a bomb threat
4th amendment
was adopted to protect against unlawful searches and seizures and extends to all crime scenes, included murders, with few exceptions.
5th amendment
All people are presumed innocent until proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt in a court of law. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.
6th amendment
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial
8th amendment
Prohibits excessive bail and/or fines, limits the cruelty of punishments imposed on the convicted.
