Unit 10 Acids, Bases, and Solutions

Vocabulary

solution

made up of a solute and solvent

solute

a dissolved substance

solvent

the most abundant component of a solution that dissolves the solute

aqueous

a solution where water is the solvent

solubility

The amount of a substance that dissolves in a given quantity of solvent at a particular temperature to produce a saturated solution.

saturated

A solution contains the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in that solvent at that temperature

unsaturated

a solution where more of the solute can still be dissolved

supersaturated

a solution that contains more solute than it can theoretically hold at that temperature

miscible

When two liquids will dissolve in each other (ex. milk & water)

immiscible

Two liquids that will not mix forms two layers (ex. oil & water)

temperature

Most solid substances have higher solubility as temperature increases

All gas solutes have lower solubility as temperature increases

pressure

Only affects Gas solutes

All Gas solutes have higher solubility as pressure increases

“Like dissolves like”

non-polar + non-polar = miscible

polar + polar = miscible

non-polar + polar = immiscible

Dissociation

The process where ions separate when ionic compounds dissolve in water

Solvation

The process where polar water molecules are attracted to charged ions and surround them

Anion

When ions are dissolved in water, the ____ will be surrounded by the hydrogen side of the water molecules

Cation

When ions are dissolved in water, the _____ will be surrounded by the oxygen side of the water molecule

concentration

The measure of the amount of solute to dissolve in a given quantity of solvent

Dilute

a solution that contains a small amount of solute

concentrated

a solution that contains a large amount of solute

molarity

The moles of solute dissolved by the number of liters of solution (a ratio)

Acid

An ionic compound that has the H+ ion as its cation. [HnX]

Have a sour taste (ex., citric acid)

The pH is less than 7

Base

An ionic compound that has the OH- ion as its anion. [Y(OH)n]

Has a bitter taste

Are slippery (ex., soap)

The pH is greater than 7

Indicator

Substances that change color based on pH

Litmus paper

a common indicator
Red in acids

Blue in bases

pH scale

The measure of acidity of a solution

Equations

pH = -log [H+]

[H+] = concentration in Molarity

Universal Indicator

a mixture of many indicators that can change color multiple times over a range of pH

Ex. The color of Vinegar in a basic solution keeps changing as the pH drops