Honors Bio Unit 1

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All life is made of

Carbon

The 4 main organic molecules

Carbs, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

Monomer

“ONE” building block or single unit

Polymer

“MANY” blocks or units make up a larger molecule

Carbs Formula

C6 H12 O6 (1:2:1 ratio)

Carbs Structure

Ring shape (Penta/Hexagons)

Carbs Function

Quick energy

Carbs Monomer

Monosaccharide

Carbs Polymer

Polysaccharide

Lipids Formula

C H O (no set ratio)

Lipids Polymer

Lipid Triglyceride

Lipids Function

Long term energy, insulation, storage, protect organs

Lipids Structure

Long chains

Which chain of lipids is bent: saturated or unsaturated

Unsaturated

Lipids Monomer

Glycerol + Fatty acid chains

Protein Formula

C H O N

Protein Structure

Central Branches

Protein Function

Muscle & Bones, Build/repair cells; speed up reactions

Protein Monomer

Amino Acids

Protein Polymer

Polypeptides

Nucleic Acids Formula

C H O N P

Nucleic Acids Structure

Rings that fuse into spiral (helix)

Nucleic Acids Function

Store genetic information (DNA and RNA)

Nucleic Acids Monomer

Nucleotide

Nucleic Acids Polymer

Nucleic Acid

Bar graph is best used when you have ____ as your independent variable

Categories

Line graph is best used when you are dealing with ____ as your independent variable

Time

______ variable is changed in experiment

Independent

_____ variable responds; affected by the change

Dependent

Dehydration Synthesis

Turns monomers into polymers. Removes water (H2O). NEEDS energy.

Hydrolysis

Breaks down polymers into monomers. Adds water (H2O). Releases energy.

Cell Theory

Cells are the basic unit of life, all organisms are made of 1 or more cells, and all cells come from pre-existing cells

The 2 types of cells

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Prokaryote

Bacteria, has no nucleus, small and simple, unicellular ONLY, DNA floats in cytoplasm, and has NO membrane bound organelles

Eukaryote

Has a nucleus, larger and complex, uni OR multicellular, DNA in the nucleus, and has membrane bound organelles

2 types of Eukayrotes

Plant and Animal

Endosymbiotic theory

Eukaryotes evolved from ancient prokaryotes and one prokaryote engulfed another prokaryote and became a eukaryote.

Endomembrane System

Group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, package and transport lipids and proteins

Nucleus Function

Brain of the cell, controls activities from day to day

Chloroplast Function

Found only in plants, green, and makes food using sun’s energy

Smooth ER Function

Synthesizes lipids (hormones) and carbs

Rough ER Function

Synthesizes and folds proteins

Ribosome Function

Makes proteins, in the cytoplasm or attached to the ER’s wall

Cell Membrane Function

Controls what goes in and out of the cell

Lysosome Function

Contains many enzymes, can digest an injured cell, and can break down large/small molecules

Golgi Apparatus Function

Packages and tags molecules ready for transport

Vesicle Function

Vehicle transporting molecules all around and out of the cell

Characteristics of ALL living things

Can respire/breathe, can make their own energy (ATP), can move, has a natural lifespan, can metabolize, can reproduce independently, and can maintain homeostasis

Viruses are ____

Abiotic (Non-living)

Cells are ____

Living

Building blocks of life

Cells