IoT Lecture Notes Review

Flashcards based on lecture notes about the Internet of Things (IoT).

What are the early origins of IoT?

Early experiments like the Trojan Room coffee pot and modification of a Coke vending machine to track drink availability.

What key international events or publications helped formalize IoT development?

The ITU's Internet Reports 2005 and Technology Review (2003) helped formalize IoT development.

What role did the Auto-ID Center and the ITU play in shaping IoT's future?

The Auto-ID Center pioneered IoT through RFID, while the ITU provided global legitimacy and structure with reports and standards.

What impact did "Industry 4.0" and “Made in China 2025” have on IoT growth?

Industry 4.0 promoted smart manufacturing through IoT integration, and Made in China 2025 emphasized IoT for industrial modernization.

What is the relevance of NB-IoT and LoRa as recognized global IoT standards?

NB-IoT (Narrowband IoT) and LoRa (Long Range) are LPWAN technologies designed for low power, wide area communications.

What are the four main layers of the IoT architecture?

Sensing, Network, Platform, and Application.

What is the purpose of the sensing layer?

Collecting environmental or device data using sensors, RFID, or GPS.

How does the network layer enable data communication?

Transmits data from sensors to platforms via networks like NB-IoT, 4G, or satellite.

What is the platform layer's role in managing and analyzing data?

Stores, manages, and analyzes collected data using computing and storage systems.

How does the application layer deliver services to end users?

Delivers user-facing services such as smart homes, transportation, and healthcare.

What are the components of Huawei’s 1+2+1 IoT solution?

1 IoT platform, 2 types of access (wireless NB-IoT/5G and fixed gateways), and 1 IoT operating system (Huawei LiteOS).

What is the function of Huawei LiteOS and its relevance in IoT devices?

Lightweight, real-time operating system with low power consumption and fast response.

How does Huawei’s IoT platform support smart street lighting?

Integrates smart street lamps via NB-IoT, enabling real-time monitoring, fault detection, and adaptive lighting.

What is the application of Huawei’s NB-IoT in smart parking?

NB-IoT allows for low-cost, wide-coverage deployment of parking sensors for real-time parking guidance and billing.

What are the benefits of unified IoT platforms in managing urban infrastructure?

Centralize data collection, device management, and application integration, reducing system fragmentation.

What are the different types of IoT?

Consumer IoT, Policy-driven IoT, and Production IoT.

What is Consumer IoT?

Involves user-centric applications like wearables and smart homes, driven by personal demand.

What is Policy-driven IoT?

Supports government initiatives such as smart cities for public services like safety and sanitation.

What is Production IoT?

Integrates IoT into traditional industries to enhance efficiency and operations.

What are two use cases of Consumer IoT in daily life?

Smart wearables and smart locks.

How is Policy-driven IoT applied in smart cities?

Firefighting and sanitation.

What are two applications of Production IoT in agriculture or industry?

Smart agriculture and industrial IoT for machine health monitoring.

How do different types of IoT contribute to digital transformation?

Personalizes services, modernizes governance, and optimizes industrial processes.

Describe the scope of IoT engineering and its interdisciplinary nature.

Blends computer science, electronics, automation, and communication.

What are three key responsibilities of IoT engineers in industry?

Designing hardware/software systems, integrating sensors and networks, and managing deployments.

What are two career paths in IoT?

System integration and application development.

What is the significance of Huawei’s HCIA-IoT certification?

Certifies foundational knowledge of IoT concepts and Huawei’s architecture.

What is the demand for IoT engineers across various sectors?

High demand in software, energy, communications, electronics, and automation.

Define LPWAN and describe its relevance in IoT communication.

Supports long-range, low-bandwidth communications with minimal power consumption.

Compare NB-IoT and LoRa in terms of deployment, range, and power consumption.

NB-IoT is cellular-based with good range; LoRa is unlicensed with longer range and ultra-low power.

What is the role of MQTT and CoAP in IoT protocols?

MQTT is a lightweight publish-subscribe protocol; CoAP is used for resource-constrained devices.

What is the significance of NB-IoT being incorporated into 5G standards?

Allows NB-IoT devices to coexist within 5G infrastructure.

How are AT Commands used in IoT module communication?

Instruction sets used to configure and control IoT communication modules.

Define an all-in-one smart home.

A unified ecosystem where multiple smart devices interact seamlessly.

What is the role of HarmonyOS in managing smart home ecosystems?

Acts as a central operating system that connects and coordinates smart devices.

How does the AI Life App enhance user control in smart home setups?

Provides a unified interface to manage all Huawei smart home devices.

What are at least three smart home subsystems and their functions?

Lighting, security, and HVAC systems.

What are the challenges of device interconnectivity in smart homes?

Incompatible protocols, limited cross-brand support, network instability, and fragmented ecosystems.

Explain the concept of Smart Transportation in IoT.

Uses IoT devices and platforms to monitor, manage, and optimize transportation systems.

How does IoT enable smart parking systems?

Sensors detect occupancy and send data to the cloud, guiding drivers to available spaces.

Discuss the features and benefits of Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication.

Enables vehicles to communicate with infrastructure, other vehicles, and pedestrians.

What is a Digital Road Infrastructure Service (DRIS), and what problems does it solve?

Connects road sensors, cloud platforms, and vehicles to monitor traffic and detect events.

How does IoT reduce congestion and improve urban mobility?

Enables real-time monitoring of traffic, adaptive signaling, and efficient public transport.

What are four key management challenges faced by modern cities?

Lack of real-time information, delayed incident detection, poor coordination, and isolated data systems.

What are IoT-based solutions to firefighting management problems?

IoT smoke sensors detect fire early and send real-time alerts.

How do smart street lamp systems contribute to energy savings?

Smart lamps adjust brightness and report faults, cutting energy usage.

How does real-time data help in manhole cover monitoring?

Sensors detect movement or theft of manhole covers and send alerts.

What is the role of centralized IoT platforms in overcoming information silos?

Aggregate data from multiple systems, enabling real-time analytics and collaboration.

What are the key components of the Huawei IoT Cloud Platform?

Device management, connectivity management, data analysis, open APIs, and security.

What is the role of device management and data analysis?

Device management handles registration and updates; data analysis processes sensor input.

What is the importance of open APIs and service orchestration?

Open APIs enable custom applications; service orchestration integrates multiple services.

Discuss security mechanisms such as authentication and access control.

Multi-layer authentication, secure data encryption, and role-based access control.

What are the advantages of a decoupled device–application architecture?

Allows independent development and scalability; devices can function with various applications.

Describe the design principles of Huawei LiteOS.

Lightweight, low power, fast-responding, and secure.

What features make LiteOS suitable for IoT applications?

Ultra-low power consumption, real-time performance, and small memory footprint.

What role does the LiteOS kernel play in power efficiency?

Operates on milliwatt-level power and microsecond-level response times.

How does LiteOS support protocol stacks and chipsets?

Includes middleware that supports common IoT protocols and is compatible with various chipsets.

What is the importance of open source support in IoT OS platforms?

Accelerates development and ensures flexibility.

Define Industrial IoT (IIoT) and its main goals.

Integrates IoT technologies with industrial systems to enhance automation and optimize production.

Describe four modes of industrial IoT application

Intelligent production, network-based collaboration, customized production and value-added services

How does IoT enhance visibility and efficiency in production lines?

IoT sensors track operations and transmit performance data to cloud platforms.

What role does IoT play in energy consumption management in factories?

IoT meters monitor energy usage and detect wastage.

How does industrial IoT drive digital transformation?

Enables automation, predictive maintenance, and real-time analytics.

Describe the flow of data from the sensing layer to the application layer.

Data is collected by sensors, transmitted via networks, processed in the platform, and delivered as insights.

How do IoT platforms perform data storage and retrieval?

Platforms use cloud databases to store data; retrieval is handled by search engines and APIs.

What is the importance of data mining and analysis in IoT?

Uncovers patterns in IoT data, enabling predictive maintenance and anomaly detection.

Discuss challenges related to data privacy and security.

Data breaches, unauthorized access, communication channels, and weak encryption.

Suggest methods for ensuring reliable data transmission in IoT networks.

Secure protocols, redundant paths, error-checking mechanisms, and reliable LPWAN technologies.

Define the Fourth Industrial Revolution and the role of IoT in it.

Refers to the fusion of physical, digital, and biological systems. IoT connects physical devices to the internet

Explain how ICT technologies like AI and cloud computing complement IoT.

AI analyzes IoT data; cloud computing offers scalable processing and storage.

How does smart manufacturing rely on connected devices?

Uses IoT-connected machines to collect data and automate processes remotely.

Discuss the need for real-time monitoring in modern production.

Ensures immediate fault detection and improves quality control.

How do visual production systems enhance factory decision-making?

Make data intuitive, helping managers spot issues and make informed decisions.

Identify and explain three emerging trends in IoT.

AIoT, Edge Computing and 5G Integration.

Discuss the growing demand for IoT professionals across industries.

High demand for engineers, analysts, and developers.

Outline the skills required for a career in IoT system integration.

Embedded programming, networking, cloud platforms, and data analytics.

Explain how IoT is expected to evolve with the integration of AI and 5G.

AI will enable decision making at the edge and 5G will support expanded use cases like autonomous driving.

Evaluate the importance of continuous certification and training (e.g., HCIA-IoT).

Ensures professionals stay updated and increases job competitiveness.