Anatomy upper body and Vitals

Vocabulary flashcards covering anatomical terms, specific muscle origins, insertions, innervations, and functions, as well as vitals and manual muscle testing grades, based on the provided lecture notes.

Innervation

The supply of nerves to a specific tissue or organ, allowing transmission of sensory and motor signals.

Insertion (Muscle)

The point at which a muscle attaches to a bone, tendon, or other muscle that moves when the muscle contracts.

Origin (Muscle)

The point of attachment of a muscle that does not move during contraction.

Kyphosis

A spinal curvature characterized by a rounded shape, typically affecting the thoracic and sacral regions.

Lordosis

A spinal curvature that goes forward, typically affecting the cervical and lumbar regions.

Frontalis

Origin: epicranial aponeurosis; Insertion: skin of forehead/eyebrows; Function: Raises eyebrows, wrinkles forehead; Innervation: cranial nerve 7 (facial).

Masseter

Origin: zygomatic origin; Insertion: angle and ramus of mandible; Function: Elevates mandible, closes mouth, pushes jaw forward, aids in eating and speaking; Innervation: cranial nerve 5.

Temporalis

Origin: temporal fossa; Insertion: coronoid process of mandible; Function: Elevates and retracts mandible, chewing, closes jaw, pushes jaw back; Innervation: cranial nerve 5.

Medial pterygoid

Origin: medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid and tuberosity of maxilla; Insertion: medial mandible near angle; Function: Elevates and protracts mandible, grinding, lateral deviation, closes mouth; Innervation: cranial nerve 5.

Lateral pterygoid

Origin: lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate; Insertion: TMJ capsule, mandible neck; Function: Protracts mandible, side to side, lateral deviation; Innervation: cranial nerve 5.

Suboccipital group

Origin: c1-c2; Insertion: c1-c2; Function: Extends, rotates, and stabilizes head, helps with scanning when reading; Innervation: suboccipital c1.

Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)

Origin: manubrium, medial 1/3 of clavicle; Insertion: mastoid process; Function: Flexes neck, rotates to the OPPOSITE side, turns back and side; Innervation: cranial nerve 11, c2 and c3.

Trapezius (upper)

Origin: occipital, ligamentum nuchae; Insertion: lateral clavicle, scapular spine; Function: Elevates, retracts scapula, extends neck, reaching, dressing, shrug shoulders; Innervation: cranial nerve 11.

Suprahyoids (geniohyoid, mylohyoid, stylohyoid)

Origin: mandible styloid process; Insertion: hyoid; Function: Elevates hyoid and larynx, allows swallowing, pushes bolus back toward pharynx, depresses mandible.

Infrahyoids (sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, omohyoid)

Origin: sternum, scapula, thyroid cartilage; Insertion: hyoid, thyroid cartilage; Function: Depresses hyoid/larynx, depresses jaw, aids in the second part of swallowing; Innervation: C1-C3.

Scalenes (anterior, middle, posterior)

Origin: transverse process of C2-C7; Insertion: first and second ribs; Function: Elevates ribs, flexes and rotates neck, aids in breathing during heavy exertion; Innervation: C3-C8.

Erector spinae (Iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis)

Origin: iliac crest, sacrum, spinous process of lumbar and last two thoracic; Insertion: ribs, vertebrae, and mastoid; Function: Extension and lateral flexion of spine, maintains posture, spinal movements, protects the spine; Innervation: dorsal rami of spinal nerves.

Multifidus

Origin: sacrum and transverse process of lumbar through cervical vertebrae; Insertion: spinous process of lumbar through second cervical vertebrae; Function: Stabilizes, extends, and rotates back, postural stability while moving; Innervation: dorsal rami of spinal nerves.

Rotatores

Origin: transverse process of lumbar through cervical vertebrae; Insertion: spinous process of lumbar through second cervical vertebrae; Function: Stabilizes and rotates back, postural stability while moving; Innervation: dorsal rami of spinal nerves.

Rectus abdominis

Origin: pubic crest/symphysis; Insertion: cartilage of fifth, sixth, and seventh ribs and xiphoid process; Function: Flexes trunk, compresses abdomen, maintains posture/alignment, protects internal organs, assists in exhalation, defecation, urination, childbirth, balance; Innervation: T5-T12.

External oblique

Origin: ribs 5 through 12; Insertion: iliac crest, linea alba; Function: Opposite rotation, flexion, compresses abdomen, lateral flexion, trunk rotation, forced expiration; Innervation: T5-T12.

Internal oblique

Origin: iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia; Insertion: ribs 10-12, linea alba; Function: Same-side rotation, flexion, compresses abdomen, lateral flexion, trunk stabilization, respiration, pelvic support; Innervation: T7-L1.

Transverse abdominis

Origin: iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia, lower 6 ribs; Insertion: linea alba; Function: Compresses abdomen, forced exhalation and breathing; deep to obliques; Innervation: T7-L1.

Subclavius

Origin: 1st rib and costal cartilage; Insertion: inferior clavicle (middle third); Function: Depresses the clavicle, elevates first rib, stabilizes sternoclavicular joint; Innervation: nerve to subclavius (C5-C6).

Pectoralis major

Origin: clavicle (medial ½), sternum, costal cartilages 1-6; Insertion: lateral lip of intertubercular groove of humerus; Function: Adduction of shoulder, internal (medial) rotation of humerus; Innervation: lateral and medial pectoral nerves (C5-T1).

Pectoralis minor

Origin: Ribs 3-5; Insertion: coracoid process (medial surface); Function: Stabilizes scapula (down and forward); Innervation: lateral and medial pectoral nerve (C5-T1).

Trapezius (general)

Bilaterally: extends head and neck; Unilaterally: laterally flexes head and neck to same side, elevates, retracts, depresses scapula, upward rotation of scapula.

Levator scapulae

Origin: transverse processes C1-C4; Insertion: superior medial scapular border; Function: Elevates and downwardly rotates scapula, assists in head and neck extension; Innervation: dorsal scapular nerve (C5).

Rhomboid major/minor

Origin: spinous processes C7-T5; Insertion: medial border of scapula; Function: Retracts (adducts), elevates the scapula and downwardly rotates scapula; Innervation: dorsal scapular nerve (C5).

Deltoid

Origin: clavicle, acromion, scapular spine; Insertion: deltoid tuberosity; Function: Anterior: flexion, IR; Mid: abduction; Posterior: extension, ER; Innervation: axillary nerve (C5-C6).

Teres minor

Origin: lateral scapular border; Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus; Function: External rotation (ER), stabilizes GH joint, adducts shoulder; Innervation: axillary nerve (C5-C6).

Teres major

Origin: inferior angle and 1/3 lateral border of scapula; Insertion: crest of lesser tubercle of humerus; Function: Internal rotation (IR), adduction, extension; Innervation: lower subscapular nerve (C5-C6-C7).

Supraspinatus

Origin: supraspinous fossa; Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus; Function: Abduction (first 15 degrees), stabilizes GH joint; Innervation: suprascapular nerve (C5-C6). Impingement of this muscle can lead to rotator cuff impingement.

Infraspinatus

Origin: infraspinous fossa of scapula; Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus; Function: External rotation (ER), stabilizes GH joint, adducts shoulder; Innervation: suprascapular nerves (C5-C6).

Subscapularis

Origin: subscapular fossa of scapula; Insertion: lesser tubercle of humerus; Function: Internal rotation (IR), stabilizes GH joint; Innervation: subscapular nerves (C5-C7).

Serratus anterior

Origin: ribs 1-8 (external surface); Insertion: anterior medial scapular border; Function: Protracts, upwardly rotates scapula; stabilizes scapula to thoracic wall; Innervation: long thoracic nerve (C5-C7). Weakness can cause winging of the scapula.

Latissimus dorsi

Origin: inferior angle of scapula, spinous processes of last 6 thoracic vertebrae, thoracolumbar aponeurosis, and iliac crest; Function: Extension, adduction, IR of humerus.

Biceps brachii (short head)

Origin: coracoid process of scapula; Insertion: radial tuberosity, bicipital aponeurosis; Function: Supination, flexion of elbow and shoulder; Innervation: musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C6-C7).

Biceps brachii (long head)

Origin: supraglenoid tubercle of scapula; Insertion: radial tuberosity, bicipital aponeurosis; Function: Supination, flexion of elbow and shoulder; Innervation: musculocutaneous nerve (C5, C6, C7).

Brachialis

Origin: distal anterior humerus; Insertion: coronoid process and ulnar tuberosity; Function: Flexion of elbow, and pronation; Innervation: musculocutaneous nerve (main) and radial (small branch) (C5, C6, C7, C8).

Coracobrachialis

Origin: coracoid process of scapula; Insertion: mid-medial humerus; Function: Flexion and adduction of humerus; Innervation: musculocutaneous nerve.

Brachioradialis

Origin: lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus (proximal 2/3); Insertion: styloid process of radius; Function: Flexion in elbow (best in mid-pronation); Innervation: radial nerve (C5, C6).

Anconeus

Origin: lateral epicondyle humerus; Insertion: olecranon process and posterior, proximal ulna; Function: Elbow extension; Innervation: radial nerve (C6, C8).

Supinator

Origin: lateral epicondyle, supinator crest of ulna; Insertion: proximal lateral radius (1/3); Function: Supinates forearm; Innervation: radial nerve (C6, C7).

Triceps brachii

Origin: Long head: infraglenoid tubercle; Lateral head: posterior humerus above radial groove; Medial head: posterior humerus below radial groove; Insertion: olecranon process; Function: Extension of elbow; long head also performs extension and adduction of shoulder; Innervation: radial nerve (C6, C8).

Shoulder Flexion Muscles

Anterior deltoid, Pectoralis major, Biceps brachii, Coracobrachialis.

Shoulder Extension Muscles

Posterior deltoid, Latissimus dorsi, Teres major, Pectoralis major, Triceps.

Shoulder Horizontal Abduction Muscle

Posterior deltoid.

Shoulder Horizontal Adduction Muscles

Anterior deltoid, Pectoralis major.

Shoulder Abduction Muscles

Deltoid, Supraspinatus.

Shoulder Adduction Muscles

Latissimus dorsi, Teres major, Infraspinatus, Teres minor, Pectoralis major, Triceps, Coracobrachialis.

Scapula Elevation Muscles

Upper trapezius, Rhomboid major/minor, Levator scapulae.

Scapula Depression Muscles

Lower trapezius, Serratus anterior, Pectoralis minor.

Scapula Retraction Muscles

Middle trapezius, Rhomboid major/minor.

Scapula Protraction Muscles

Serratus anterior, Pectoralis minor.

Scapula Upward Rotation Muscles

Upper and lower trapezius, Serratus anterior.

Scapula Downward Rotation Muscles

Rhomboid major/minor, Levator scapulae, Pectoralis minor.

Head and Neck Flexion Muscles

Sternocleidomastoid (SCM), Scalenes.

Head and Neck Extension Muscles

Suboccipital group, Trapezius (upper).

Head and Neck Lateral Rotation Muscles

Sternocleidomastoid (SCM), Scalenes.

Head and Neck Elevation Muscles

Frontalis, Masseter, Temporalis, Medial pterygoid, Trapezius (upper), Suprahyoid, Scalenes.

Head and Neck Depression Muscles

Infrahyoid.

Head and Neck Retraction Muscles

Temporalis, Trapezius.

Head and Neck Medial Rotation Muscle

Suboccipital group.

Head and Neck Protraction Muscles

Medial pterygoid, Lateral pterygoid.

Head and Neck Stabilization Muscle

Suboccipital group.

Back Lateral Flexion Muscle

Erector spinae.

Back Extension Muscles

Erector spinae, Multifidus.

Back Lateral Rotation Muscles

Multifidus, Rotatores.

Back Stabilization Muscles

Multifidus, Rotatores.

Abdominal Flexion Muscles (Trunk)

Rectus abdominis (forward flexion), External oblique (lateral flexion), Internal oblique (lateral flexion).

Abdominal Medial Rotation Muscle

Internal obliques.

Abdominal Lateral Rotation Muscle

External obliques.

Abdominal Compression Muscles

Rectus abdominis, External obliques, Internal obliques, Transverse abdominis.

Non-Hypertensive Blood Pressure

Systolic less than 140 mmHg AND Diastolic less than 90 mmHg.

Hypertension in Pregnancy

Systolic 140 mmHg or higher OR Diastolic 90 mmHg or higher.

Severe Hypertension

Systolic 160 mmHg or higher OR Diastolic 110 mmHg or higher.

Target Heart Rate Zone (50-85%)

A range of heart beats per minute that corresponds to an effective exercise intensity, varying by age from 100-170 bpm for 20 years to 75-128 bpm for 70 years.

Age-predicted Maximum Heart Rate

The theoretical highest heart rate an individual can achieve, decreasing with age (e.g., 200 bpm at 20 years, 150 bpm at 70 years).

Normal Respiratory Rate (Adults)

Between 12-20 breaths per minute.

Normal Respiratory Rate (Newborns and Infants)

Typically 30-60 breaths per minute, decreasing with age to normalize between 14-18 years.

Normal Body Temperature (Adult)

Ranges from 97.5°F (36.4°C) to 97.9°F (36.6°C).

Normal Pulse Oximetry / Oxygen Saturation

96-100%.

Manual Muscle Test Grade: Normal (N) (5/5)

Against Gravity, Full AROM, Maximal Pressure.

Manual Muscle Test Grade: Good (G) (4/5)

Against Gravity, Full AROM, Moderate Pressure.

Manual Muscle Test Grade: Fair Plus (F+) (3+/5)

Against Gravity, Full AROM, Slight Pressure.

Manual Muscle Test Grade: Fair (F) (3/5)

Against Gravity, Full AROM, No Pressure.

Manual Muscle Test Grade: Fair Minus (F-) (3-/5)

Against Gravity, Approximately 50% ROM, No Pressure.

Manual Muscle Test Grade: Poor Plus (P+) (2+/5)

Gravity eliminated, Full AROM, Slight Pressure.

Manual Muscle Test Grade: Poor (P) (2/5)

Gravity eliminated, Full AROM, No Pressure.

Manual Muscle Test Grade: Poor Minus (P-) (2-/5)

Gravity eliminated, Partial ROM, No Pressure.

Manual Muscle Test Grade: Trace (T) (1/5)

Gravity eliminated, No motion, Contraction observed/felt.

Manual Muscle Test Grade: Zero (0) (0/5)

Gravity eliminated, No motion, No movement.