Chapter 13 Body Planes - Lecture Specific

What is Anatomy the study of?

The study, classification, and description of structures and organs of the body

What is Physiology the study of?

Explains the processes and functions of the various structures and how they interrelate

What is ‘A’?

Cranial or towards the head

What is ‘B’?

Anterior or towards the front of the body

What is ‘C’?

Caudal or towards the feet

What is ‘D’?

Posterior or towards the back

What is ‘A’?

Proximal or nearest to the origin of the structure

Nearest to the trunk

What is ‘B’?

Distal or farthest from the origin of the structure

Farthest from the trunk

What is ‘C’?

Medial or towards the midline of the body

What is ‘D’?

Lateral or towards the side

What type of scan is this?

Thyroid scan

What type of study is this?

Cardiac study

What type of study is this?

Brain study

What type of study is this?

Lung study

What type of scan is this?

What organ system is it imaging?

Liver or HIDA or Hepatobiliary scan

Scan for the Hepatobiliary system containing the Liver and the Gallbladder

What type of scan is this?

What organ system is it imaging?

Kidney scan

Genitourinary system

What organ is scanned here?

What organ system is this apart of?

Stomach scan

Scan for the Gastrointestinal system

What organ is being scanned here?

What organ system is it apart of?

Small bowel scan

Scan for the Gastrointestinal system

Define ‘superficial’

Nearer to the surface

Define ‘deep’

Farther away from the surface of the body

What are the 2 main cavities that separate the main cavities of the body?

• Dorsal body cavity

• Ventral body cavity

What are the two cavities within the dorsal body cavity?

• Cranial cavity

• Spinal cavity

What does the cranial cavity contain?

The brain

What does the spinal cavity contain?

The spinal cord

What are the three cavities within the ventral body cavity?

• Thoracic cavity

• Abdominal cavity

• Pelvic cavity

What does the thoracic cavity consist of? (3 things)

Trachea, heart, and lungs

What does the abdominal cavity consist of? (7 things)

Liver, gallbladder, stomach, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, parts of the large intestine

What does the pelvic cavity consist of? (4 things)

Lower (sigmoid colon), rectum, urinary bladder, reproductive organs

What is ‘A’?

The dorsal cavity

What is ‘B’?

The cranial cavity

What is ‘C’?

The spinal cavity

What is ‘D’?

The thoracic cavity

What is ‘E’?

The abdominal cavity

What is ‘F’?

The pelvic cavity

What is ‘G’?

The abdominopelvic cavity

What is ‘H’?

The ventral cavity

What is ‘A’?

Sagittal body plane

What is ‘B’?

Transverse body plane

What is ‘C’?

Frontal body plane

What is ‘A’?

Medial view

What is ‘B’?

Lateral view

What is quadrant ‘A’?

Right Upper Quadrant

What is quadrant ‘B’?

Left Upper Quadrant

What is quadrant ‘C’?

Right Lower Quadrant

What is quadrant ‘D’?

Left Lower Quadrant

What is ‘A’?

The skull

What is ‘B’?

The thorax

What is ‘C’?

The vertebral column

What is ‘A’?

Shoulders

What is ‘B’?

Upper extremities

What is ‘C’?

Hips

What is ‘D’?

Lower extremities

What are the 4 levels of organization in the body?

• Cells 

• Tissue

• Organ

• Organ system

Explain what cells in the organization of the body are

Considered the smallest living unit of structure and function in the body

Explain what tissue in the organization of the body are

Organization of many similar cells that act together to perform a function

Explain what organs in the organization of the body are

Group of several different kinds of tissues arranged to perform a special function

Explain what organ systems in the organization of the body are

• Most complex units

• Organization of varying numbers and kinds of organs arranged to perform complex functions of the body

What are the 3 main cell anatomy that they want us to know from the lecture?

• Plasma membrane

• Cytoplasm

• Nucleus

What is active transport?

A transport process that requires cellular energy to move substances from a low concentration to a high concentration

What is passive transport?

A transport process in which solid particles in a fluid move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, resulting in an even distribution of the particles

What are the 3 main functions of epithelial tissues?

• Protection

• Absorption

• Secretion 

What is the protection function of epithelial tissues?

Covering the body and organs, serving as a protective barrier against invasion of organisms

What is the absorption function of epithelial tissue?

Can absorb material in the body – like the lining of the small intestine

What is the secretion function of epithelial tissue?

Mucus secretion in areas such as the respiratory and digestive tracts

What is the main function of connective tissue?

• ‘Connects’ or joins tissues or structures of the body

• Supports and protects the structures of the body

What are the 3 types of muscle tissues?

• Skeletal muscle

• Cardiac muscle

• Smooth muscle

Of the 3 types of muscle tissue, which are voluntary, and which are involuntary?

• Skeletal muscle is voluntary

• Cardiac and Smooth muscle is involuntary

Describe skeletal muscle tissue

Skeletal muscle cells are striated in appearance and attach to bones to produce voluntary movement

Describe cardiac muscle tissue

Cardiac muscle cells are striated, and the regular contractions of the cardiac muscle produce the heartbeat

Describe smooth muscle tissue

Smooth muscle cells are non-striated and appear in the viscera – internal organs – like the stomach and intestines as well as in the walls of blood vessels and the uterus

What is the function of nervous tissue?

• Nervous tissue allows rapid communication between the brain or spinal cord and the other structures of the body

• Allows control of body functions

What are the 3 main components of a neuron that we should know from lecture?

• Dendrites

• Cell body

• Axon

What is the function of dendrites?

Carry impulse toward the cell body

What is the function of axons?

Carry impulses away from the cell body

What is the integumentary system composed of? (4 things)

• Skin

• Hair and sweat glands

• Nails

• Oil glands

What is the skeletal system composed of? (2 things)

• Bones 

• Joints

The muscular system is made up of muscles that do voluntary and involuntary functions, what are the 4 main functions of the muscles?

• Movement

• Posture

• Joint stability 

• Heat production

What does the nervous system contain? What is its main function?

• Contains the body’s control center

• Responsible for all the coordination of the body’s activities 

The endocrine system consists of many glands, name 7 of the glands found in the system

• Pineal gland

• Hypothalamus

• Pituitary gland

• Thyroid gland

• Parathyroid gland

• Adrenal glands

• Pancreas

What is the main function of the heart and blood vessels of the cardiovascular system?

Transportation of nutrients, water, oxygen, and wastes

What are the 5 organs and vessels that make up the lymphatic system?

• Lymph nodes

• Lymphatic vessels

• Thymus

• Spleen

• Tonsils 

What are the 6 organs that make up the respiratory system?

• Nose

• Pharynx

• Larynx

• Trachea

• Bronchi

• Lungs

The digestive system is divided into primary and accessory organs, what are the 8 main primary organs?

• Mouth

• Pharynx

• Esophagus 

• Stomach

• Small intestine

• Large intestine 

• Rectum

• Anal canal 

The digestive system is divided into primary and accessory organs, what are the 8 main accessory organs?

• Teeth

• Salivary glands

• Tongue

• Liver

• Gallbladder

• Pancreas

• Appendix

What are the 4 main organs in the urinary system?

• Kidneys 

• Ureters 

• Urinary bladder 

• Urethra 

What is the main function of the reproductive system?

Survival of species

What is a healthcare record?

A legal record that’s used to meet the many demands of the health, accreditation, medical insurance, and legal systems

What is charting (recording or documenting)?

• Process of adding information to the chart 

• Only document when things have already taken place

What is the electronic health record?

• The electronic version of a patient’s chart 

• Patient data can be exchanged within the facility and also to another outside facility when permitted

What is the electronic medical record?

• Another electronic version of a patient’s chart 

• Normally set up to exchange patient data to an outside facility

What is the main purpose of patient records?

Current regulations require chart audits by officially appointed auditors

What is the purpose of an audit in healthcare?

• Specific procedures to provide for quality assurance, assessment, and improvement

• Evaluates services provided and the results achieved compared with accepted standards

What are the 5 components that make up the purpose of patient records?

• Documented communication 

• Permanent record for accountability 

• Legal record of care 

• Teaching 

• Research and data collection

What is record keeping?

• Professionally executed charting is legal proof of care given 

• Communicates the patient’s status and progress and that interventions were implemented to meet their needs 

What is the importance of taking a history of the patient? (4 points)

• Provides clinical context for accurate image interpretation

• Aids in choosing the correct imaging modality and protocol 

• Identifies contraindications – allergies, medications, diet…

• Ensures patient safety and minimizes unnecessary exposure to radiation

What is the best type of question you should begin with when obtaining a history?

Begin with open-ended questions

What type of questions should you use to obtain clarification details?

Use closed-ended questions

What are double-barreled questions?

• Questions that are asked all at once and should be avoided

• Better to ask one question at a time

What are the 5 special considerations that may be obtained in a patient’s history?

• Allergies

• Renal function

• Pregnancy

• Implants and /or devices

• Claustrophobia or anxiety 

What type of information should you be asking when obtaining a patient history?

• Clarifying the chief complaint

• Duration and progression of condition

• Prior imaging done

• Identification of any procedures or surgeries