3: plasma protein system

where is plasma protein mainly made

by the liver and some wbc

when is plasma protein activated

when tissue damage occurs

what do plasma protein act as

proinflammatory mediators- aid in inflammation

when does plasm protein occur

10-40 hrs after tissue damage

why ARE Protein plasma inactive at first

• Prevents them from accidentally causing inflammation/damage to healthy tissue

why is plasma protein “cascade”

• One protein activates the next 

what are the 3 main system of plasma protein

complement

clotting

kinin

main job of complement cascade

send wbc to go to damage area

fight microbial infection

what is complemented protein stimulated by

bacterial infection, yeast, Ag-Ab

— help body response to infection/foreign substances

main job of coagulation cascade

clotting

what is clotting proteins stimualated by

slow blood flow & bleeding

— help form a clot and prevent blood loss

what is function of kinin cascade

help maintain histamine effect and stimualte pain

kinin proteins are stimulated by

inflammation and endothelial cell damage

another term for acute phase protein

acute phase reactants

what line of defense is complement system

2nd line

source of complement system

liver

what is complement system made of

c1-c9 [9 plasma proteins]

what triggers classical pathway in complement activation

antibody are present

• respond to antigen [C1 activated]

complement system; what trigger lectin pathway

bacteria present/mannose

C1 activated

complement system; what trigger alternative pathway

bacteria or yeast

C3 activated

4 functions of complement system

MAC- poke hold and destroy in bacterial membrane

Opsonization- coat pathogen so easier to eat

chemotaxi- attract wbc to injury site

anaphylatoxin - stimualte mast cell to release histamine

protein of MAC

C5b-C9

protein in opsonization

C3B

protein in chemotaxis and anaphylatoxin

C3a + C5a

attract wbc and alarm mast cells

what does transudate and exudate both have in common

edema

transudate

pressure TRANSPORT fluid out

exudate

protein fluid leaked out bc of inflammation

purpose of transudate

Helps dilute the harmful/injurious agent 

transudate contents

water salt electrolyte

exudate content

protein and wbc

2 types of exudate

1) fluid: xtra tissue fluid w/plasma proteins

2) cellular: wbc → injured tissue

main cause of transudate

↑ Hydrostatic pressure 

main cause of exudate

↑ Vascular permeability

purpose of transudate

Dilutes harmful agent 

purpose of exudate

Immune defense + healing 

Serosanguinous

• Clear + pink fluid 

Serous

clear + watery  

atelectasis

lungs collapse

Pleurisy

fluid around lung

Hemorrhagic Exudate 

• Blood vessel ruptures = bleeding 

Purulent color

Thick + yellow/green 

what is purulent

pus

fibrinious exudate contain

thick and protein rich

fibrinous

excess fibrin

fibrous

excess collagen

clinical significance of fibrinous inflammation

fibrin is sticky so it interfere with normal organ function as they cant move freely anymore

Pericardial effusion [example of fibrinous exudate]

excess fluid around the heart

purulent exudate another term

suppurative exudate

what color are pus

yellow tan green brownw

what does pus indicate

infection

what can pus form

cyst + abscesses

what does hemorrhagic exudate mean

signficant bleeding

what is pus

mixture of dead/dying stuff from the battle against infection [hence thick]

pyogenic bacteria

bacteria that produce pus

Abscess

pocket of pus caused by infection 

3 types of inflammatory fluid

transudate, fluid exudate, cellular exudate

When inflammation happens, what happens to lymphatic system

swollen, blocked, inflamed

Lymphedema

• Lymph fluid cannot drain properly → builds up in tissues → swelling. 

  • lymph vessels are blocked

example of lymphedema

sprained ankle

Lymphadenopathy

enlarged lymph nodes 

why do lymphedenopathy occur

lymph nodes become enlarged - rxn to infection

not painful

Lymphadenitis

painful, inflamed lymph nodes 

Lymphangitis

inflamed lymphatic vessels

main wbc for acute inflammation

neutrophil

Immunosuppression

immune system can't remove the cause effectively

main problem of chronic inflammation

scarring

what do fibroblast secrete + responsible for

collagen + scar tissue fomation

lymphocytes are what

primary helper T cells

what do T cells release in terms of lymphocyte

lymphokines

lymphokine function

immune signal that active macrophage and keep them in site of chronic irritation

2 types of chronic inflammation

non specific chronic inflammation

chronic granulomatous inflammation

a collection of immune cells that walls off something difficult to eliminate.

granuloma [tb infection]

Chronic granulomatous inflammation

Long-lasting inflammation with granuloma formation; build a wall with fibrous[collagen] for walling off infective organism

Non-specific chronic inflammation

Long-lasting inflammation

diffuse accumulation of macrophage and lymphocyte

example of non specific chronic inflammation

ulceration

arthritis

example of chronic granulomatous inflammation

TB lesions

what does extrinsic pathway in coagulation system activate

factor X → Xa

what does intrinsic pathway in coagulation system activate

Factor XII

extrinsic pathway for coagulation is mainly for

cut and bruising

uses tissue factor

intrinsic patwhay for coagulation is mainly for

vessel lining damaged

uses collagen/platelet

What activates coagulation? 

1. endothelial damage - blood vessel lining damage

2. slow blood flow- inflammation causes vasodilation

 Why is clotting part of inflammation? 

Tissue damage can damage blood vessels → bleeding. 

body needs to stop excessive blood loss and seal damaged vessel and prevent microbes in damaged area

how does a clot form

during inflammation: fluid leaves blood

blood gets thicker

it moves slower

platelets occur

clot occur

how does endothelial damage trigger clot

collagen is exposed when blood vessel lining gets damaged

collagen interact with platelet → fibrin form

made active kinin

bradykinin

how many groups of plasma protein make up kinin system

4

what activates kinin system

tissue damage

inrinsic clotting cascade

4 effects of kinin system

1. vasodilation

2. increase permeability

3. attract wbc

4. cause pain

what does vasodilation do in kinin system

Widens vessels → redness + heat 

what does   ↑ Vascular permeability do in kinin system

Makes vessels leaky → swelling/edema 

what helps histamine keep inflammatory response going

kinin system