Nursing 3IH3 Mid Term

Colonialism

Colonialism

a form of empire-building imperialism in which geographic regions outside of Europe were occupied by European countries and 'settled', a strategy that was justified through a racialized colonial discourse about the necessity of civilizing the world

Post Colonialism

a constellation of interwoven processes and practices, rather than a discrete time period. Concerned with the unequal relations of power

Neocolonialism

'new colonialism', which includes any and all forms of control of prior colonies or populations such as Indigenous people who continue to live under conditions of internal colonialism

Critical social science perspectives

attends to questions about the genesis and maintenance of societal power hierarchies, including access to knowledge production and concerns about self, identity, power, economy and social justice

Colonization

physical process whereby the colonizer takes over another place, putting its own government in charge and either moving its own people into the place or bringing in indentured outsiders to gain control of the people and the land, the deliberative process of shaping Indigenous peoples to reflect and internalize Eurocentric hegemony

Decolonization

a process rather than an outcome. involves affirming and activating paradigms of Indigenous knowledge to reveal the wealth and richness of Indigenous languages, world views, teachings and experiences, all of which have been systematically excluded from history, from contemporary educational institutions and from Eurocentric knowledge systems

Feminist postcolonial theory

aims to hear the voices of all marginalized subjects, including those marginalized by historical socio-political domination and by gender

Structural determinants of health

Factors related to the economic, political, and social hierarchal issues (e.g., level of power and privilege) that affect health, the governing process, economic and social policies that affect pay, working conditions, housing, and education

Postcolonial theory

an approach that examines the ways in which the colonial past has shaped the social, political, and economic experiences of a colonized country, provides a framework and vocabulary for understanding history and how it shapes present-day experiences and new injustices. Created by western people

Postcolonial Indigenous knowledge

grounded in the lived experiences of Indigenous peoples faced with imperialism and colonialism, focuses on intersectionality

The nursing metaparadigm

allows nurses to understand and explain what nursing is, what nursing does, and why nurses do what they do

person, environment, health, nursing

Social justice

justice in terms of the distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges within a society

the overall fairness of a society in its divisions of rewards and burdens, and a scrutiny of how human rights are ensured or violated

Social location

a powerful determinant of one's access to the social and material necessities of life

Age, culture, (dis)ability, ethnicity, gender, immigrant status, race, sexual orientation, social class and spirituality

Calls to action

94

child welfare, education, language & culture, health, justice, reconciliation

calls to action involve 2 parts

legacy (listed previous) & reconciliation

why do we say a land acknowledgement?

Formal statement that recognizes and respects Indigenous Peoples as traditional stewards of this land

external (surface) culture

behaviours, traditions, customs, easily observed (touch, taste, smell, sound)

how external culture is learned

explicitly learned, conscious, difficult to change, objective knowledge

internal (deep) culture

values, beliefs, assumptions, perceptions, attitudes, priorities

how internal culture is learned

implicitly learned, unconscious, difficult to change, subjective knowledge

Racialization

a process of labelling a group collectively based on 'presumed biological, physical, or genetic differences and attributing social and cultural differences to race

what is biomedical model?

group of theories as opposed to a single theory

includes theories from medicine, biology, epidemiology

world view of biomedical model

objectivism: meaning exists apart from knowledge & knowledge awaits discovery

rooted in positivism & empiricism

emphasizes observations, reduction, verification, prediction, control & objectivity

what isn't considered in biomedical model?

social origins of disease

do they dominate healthcare system in Canada?

yes

What is postcolonialism?

rooted in critical social theory & postmodern social theory

looks at historical, economic, cultural & social parts of healthcare

constructionist epistemology

meaning is constructed through social interaction & analyzes power dynamics

what does it analyze?

colonial experience & how it affects health and wellness of Indigenous peoples

what is it concerned with?

race, racism, power imbalances, & historical roots such as colonization

intersectionality of racism

structural racism, institutional racism, personal racism

treaty

a legal agreement between nations; in this case, between the nation of Canada and Indigenous Nations living on Turtle Island

Treaties are international law, recognized by the highest levels of governments and by international organizations such as the United Nations

Treaty making process was a way of working out trade arrangements with First Nations

Contracts

Constitutionally protected

healthcare funding for Indigenous people

Jurisdictional uncertainties

May be provided by federal government, provincial government or local Indigenous community

Indian hospitals

racially segregated hospitals for First Nations & Inuit peoples in Canada

inhumane practices

Proximal SDoH

direct impacts on health & root of ill health and well being

examples of proximal

smoking status, exercise, food security, housing, education, gender, employment, racism

Intermediate SDoH

the origin of those proximal determinants such systems in place

examples of intermediate

healthcare system, education system, community resources & infrastructure, cultural continuity, environmental stewardship

community infrastructure & resources

limited infrastructure linked to economic insecurity and marginalization, inadequate social resources

Cultural continuity

degree of social and cultural cohesion within a community

Environmental stewardship

traditional ties to the land is acknowledged as a major resources for the superior health enjoyed by Indigenous Peoples prior to first contact, colonization has impacted and disrupted the healthy relationship with the land

distal SDoH

impact of Trauma experienced in Residential Schools

the Intergeneration Trauma experienced by families even today

Have the most profound influence on the health of populations & represent political, economic, and social contexts that construct proximal & intermediate

examples of distal

racism, discrimination, colonialism, Indian act, residential schools, social exclusion, self determination

root causes of food insecurity

remoteness & isolation, high costs to ship & store food, poverty, unemployment, colonial policies, climate change

Health inequity

those inequalities in health that are deemed unfair or that stem from some form of injustice, disadvantaged from achieving their full potential

Upstream nursing

Addressing health determinants i.e. housing, poverty, poor perception of self and wellbeing, access to services/ medical treatment / rehabilitation.

Recognize social determinants of health and how they contribute to health of Indigenous people

Holistic strategies & world views

body, mind, soul, spirit

medicine wheel

white/north: movement & wisdom

red/east: vision & awareness

yellow/south: time & understand

black/west: reason & knowledge

strength based approach

seek to move away from the traditional problem-based paradigm and offer a different language for thinking about and discussing issues

Shifts the discussion from deficits to strengths (resilience, cultural continuity, community strengths, etc.)

deficit based lens

disempowering patterns of thought, language and practice that represent people in terms of deficiencies and failures

Indian Act 1876

Provided the federal government of Canada with the right to determine who can and cannot be an "Indian"

Controlled movement of First Nations Peoples onto "reserve lands" Indian Act controlled these lands

Race

not a natural phenomenon -> It is socially constructed. We don't come into the world as a certain race, we are racialized

Racialized

Assigning a racial identify to a group of people

Racism

An attitude or behaviour based on the belief that "race" produces inherent cognitive, moral and behavioural traits often involving the belief that one's own race is superior to others

Hatred, fear or intolerance of those racialized differently than oneself

Trajectory of racism

ideology of race, hierarchy of racism, negative beliefs & stereotypes, discrimination, inequities

Types of racism

epistemic, relational, structural, symbolic, colourblind, embodied

epistemic

knowledge is power

relational

sticks & stones, so words don't hurt even though they do

structural

exclusion & marginalization

symbolic

maintain the status quo

colour blind

ignoring the reality

embodied

living the reality

structural racism definition

It can take covert forms that present power inequalities as neutral and natural, like micro-aggressions and micro-racism

examples of structural racism

over policing, Indian act, apprehension of children, media

self-determination

Indigenous Peoples must participate equally in political decision-making, as well as possess control over their lands, economics, education systems, social and health services