Chapter 22: 16th cent art in northern Europe and the Iberian Peninsula

Albrecht Dürer THE FOUR HORSEMEN OF THE APOCALYPSE
From The Apocalypse. 1497-1498. Woodcut,

• Albrecht Dürer foremost painter of german renaissance

• lived in Nuremberg where it was a center of culture and business. Leading publishing center

• his father was goldsmith and him as-well, along with stain glass, woodcuts, where he learned from Michael Wolgemut (Nuremberg Chronicles)

• n independent creative genius

  in HIS SELF PORTRAIT HE WOULD IDEALIZE HIMSELF AS CHRIST

• His 1st trip to Italy introduces him to Italian renaissance ideas,

• His retuen to Nurenburg he started publishing prints to make money in which made him a fortune

• 1st major publication was the apocalypse in german an latin. Had woodcut title page and 14 full illustration pages which text on the back

• Best knownTHE FOUR HORSEMEN

• pages: based on figures from the revelation a crowned rider, with bow and white horse(conquest);rider with sword on re horse(war);rider with set of scale on black horse(plague and faine); rider on sickly horse(death).

• created a compact,overlapping group of wild riders charging across the world trampling its cowering inhabitant

• emmplyed skilled carver who followed his drawing

• He adopted Schongauer’s metal engraving technique to the wood cut medium using pattern of lines to model forms

• His golsmith traits are evident in his attention to detail and his decorative cloud and drapery patterns

• Foreground with large active figures

what is a chateaux

Elegant rural palaces

quick to introduce italian ecorations to gothic buildings

the castle of the ladies

women played an important role in the patronage of the arts during the Renaissane

at chenonceau women built, saved, and restore the chateaux

What is Renaissance art in Portugal called

Manueline, because King manuel of Portugal comissioned artwork so distinctive in style

ex:church tomar and sea inspired

armillary sphere became the symbol of the era showcasing the sun is at the center

what happened in the The Netherlands

•Widespread iconoclasm swept the Netherlands from 1566–1567, followed by a battle for independence.

•Antwerp developed into a thriving art center because artists sought patrons outside the Church.

§The graphic arts emerged as an important medium.

Hieronymus Bosch GARDEN OF EARTHLY DELIGHTS (OPEN)
c. 1505-1515. Oil on wood panel, center panel

secular

looks like an alterpiece

made for someone house

not fpr. religious environment

experimental

center as human rebelers with fruit

right panel about dark torture

-Comissioned by an aristocrat for brussels town home and the triptych as irony. In home it would inspire lively conversation

-he depicted imaginative fantasies associate with dedieval

-Suberb colorist and virtuoso technique

=spent career in ‘s-HertogenBosch

-Religious devotion is certain and range of objects shows hes educated

-a mystic and social critic

-Triptuch

-Subject of painting founded on Christian belief in the natural state of human sinfulness, but not painted for a church

-left wing:god introduces doll like figures of Adam and Eve under the watchful eye of the owl of perverted wisdom. Owl symbolizes folly and wisdom. Folly was an important concept for northern humanist who believe in the power of education in the belief ppl would follow the right way if they knew it. Owl peers from opening of spherical base of pink fountain in a lake of vicious creature which creep into the world

-Central panel:earth teems with monsters and vivacious human revelers and fruits which symbolizes fertility and sexual abandon. Hell on right sensual pleasure becaome instruments of torture in a dark world of fire + ice. The roght wing with torments of hell with no reward of heaven caution that damnation is the natural outcome of the life lived in ignorant folly and that humans ensure their damnation through self centered pursuit of pleasure of the flesh

-theory of central panel is a parable on human salvation whch the practice of alchemy parallels Christ’s power to convert humans dross into spiritual gold. which mean the fountain at center is the alchemical with glass vessls

-other themes: power of women over men, the central pool is setting of seductive women and sex obsessed men. Women frolic in pool and men dance around them. Men are slaves to lust.

-early 17th cent focus that the fruit known as the strawberry plant represented vanity and glory and the passing taste of strawberries or strawberry plant and ots prleasent order not remembered as it passed. . Fruit as sexual symbolism appear everywhere in the garden

-aother theory that the life in paradise if Adamn and Eve didnt sin

-when the triptych is closed:sober girsaille, less enigmatic. Tranparent sphere floating within a void encloses the flat earth on 3rd day of creationFragments of fruit appear and dark cloud prmose the rain to grow them. God likehver on top left displaying a book