AP Biology Unit 3: Topics 6 & 7

cellular respiration

the process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy from food

FADH

gets converted to 2 ATP in the electron transport chain

Chemiosmosis

Process by which a Hydrogen pump pumps protons into the thylakoid membrane. H+ passively flows through the ATP synthase which leads to the creation of ATP.

oxidation

loss of electrons

glycolysis

the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.

ATP synthase

The enzyme that make ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

reduction

gain of electrons

pyruvate oxidation

pyruvate molecules are oxidized and produces acetyl-CoA, CO2, and NADH

anaerobic respiration

Respiration that does not require oxygen

NAD+

electron carrier involved in glycolysis

citric acid cycle

Completes the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide.

fermentation

Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen

What is the overall reaction of cellular respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---------> 6CO2 + 6H2O

How does oxidation and reduction play a role in cellular respiration?

Transfer electrons from one molecule to another

What steps of glycolysis require energy? What steps release energy?

1st phase; pyruvate synthase

How is ATP synthesized in glycolysis?

substrate-level phosphorylation

What happens to the pyruvate that is produced via glycolysis?

It is oxidizes into acetyl CoA

What is the purpose of the citric acid cycle?

to produce metabolic energy

Why do fats store more energy than carbohydrates?

fats have more C-H bonds

Describe step-by-step what would happen if oxygen was removed from the ETC.

It would not be functional as oxygen is the final electron acceptor of the ETC

How does fermentation produce alcohol?

pyruvate is converted into ethanol

How does fermentation produce lactic acid?

pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate

Justify this statement, "Cells make ATP by oxidative phosphorylation."

Energy released in these reactions is captured as a proton gradient, which is then used to make ATP in a process called chemiosmosis. Together, the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis make up oxidative phosphorylation.

True or False: plants do not go through cellular respiration.

false

Compare the Golgi Complex to a warehouse/mail facility. How is its function similar?

Golgi apparatus is similar to a mail facility because the Golgi apparatus sorts, modifies, and packages proteins just like a post office

What is the difference in how much ATP can be produced through aerobic respiration vs anaerobic respiration and fermentation?

Aerobic respiration is more efficient/effective in producing ATP

Why does oxygen play such an important role in cellular respiration?

Oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain, which is the most efficient stage of cellular respiration. Without oxygen, cells can only produce a few ATP by fermentation, which is an anaerobic process. Oxygen allows cells to fully oxidize glucose and make more.

Create a chart that compares respiration and photosynthesis.

How were the deer mice adapted to their surroundings?

deer mice have adapted to the weather and can camouflage themselves

How do adaptations come about?

Adaptations come about when organisms in a population need to make a change or changes to their body to survive in an environment. Over time, the entire population adapts by passing down the more desirable traits.

Do organisms try to adapt?

Yes, organisms try to adapt because they can survive more easily if they have adaptations for an environment.