BIOLOGY (CH 1)

Biology is...

the study of the origin & history of life as well as the structure of living organisms

Growth

An increase in size and/or number of cells

Stimulus

A change in the environment that results in a reaction

Response

The reaction that occurs due to the change in environment

Cell

Basic unit of life

Tissues

Group of cells working together to perform a particular function

Organ

Group of tissues working together to perform a particular function

Organ Systems

Group of organs working together to perform a particular function

Living Organisms

A living thing that has an organized structure, can react to stimuli, reproduce, grow, adapt, and maintain homeostasis

Homestasis

The maintaining of a balanced internal environment regardless of external circumstances

another definition: a state of equilibrium of an organism's internal conditions, that are essential for its survival

The 5 important roles of biologists are characterized by

studying:

different species,

different diseases,

Technological developments,

Improving agriculture,

Protecting the Environment

Explain studying different species

biologists study different species to identify their characteristics (think about birds vs bats)

Explain studying different diseases

they look at causative agents, treatments, and preventative measures

Explain how they're involved in technological development

they use scientific knowledge to fulfill human needs (ex: developing prosthetic limbs)

Explain how they improve agriculture

by genetically engineering plants that are resistant to insects and diseases, allowing them to survive

Explain how they protect the environment

by studying the reproductive patterns of species threatened by extinction, in order to prevent them from going extinct

What's the arabic translation of the book "Compendium on Simple Medicaments and Foods", who was the author, and what was it about?

- Kitab al-mughni fi al-adwiyah al-mufradah

- Ibn al-Baytar

- He studied different diseases in his book, which was an encyclopedia of islamic medicine that incorporates his knowledge of plants used in order to treat various diseases

A researcher studied the genetic makeup of plants and their ability to resist diseases and insect infestations. This researcher is working on...

improving agriculture

What are multicellular organisms?

organisms that are made up of many cells (2 or more)

What are unicellular organisms?

organisms made up of one cell

Reproduction is...

a biological process that aims to maintain continuity of a species

Adaptation is..

an organism's ability to withstand changes within the surrounding environment, determined by its genetic makeup (can be positive or negative)

Scientists rely on ___ when conducting a study

scientific methods

What are the steps of the scientific method?

1. asking a question

2. hypothesis

3. data collection

4. conclusion

Asking a question relies on___ which is___

observation, a direct method for collecting data

What's a hypothesis?

a proposed answer for a scientific study

A hypothesis must be...

specific & testable

What's data collection?

the process of gathering information on the variable being tested, through experiements

What's quantitative data?

numerical data, represented by numbers (ex: height = meters, mass = kg, volume =. liter, time = seconds)

What's qualitative data?

short descriptive sentences & observations

What's a conclusion?

the outcome of the study (can either agree or disagree with the hypothesis)

What's an experiment & what does it include?

an experiment is a scientific procedure done to test a hypothesis. it is conducted in a controlled environment & it includes:

1. a control group

2. an experimental group

3. the independent variable

4. the dependent variable

What's a control group?

the group that provides a standard for comparison. they do not recieve the treatment or the variable is not being tested on them (keep them the same as they are)

What's an experimental group?

the group that is exposed to the factor / treatment that we are studying (

What's an independent variable?

factor that's being changed by the scientist & it may influence the outcome of the experiment

What's a dependent variable?

The part of the experiment that changes in response to the changes you made to the independent variable. can be observed / measured and it depends on the independent variable

What's a theory?

a carefully thought out explanation for observations of the natural world that have been constructed using the scientific method & which brings together many facts, hypotheses and experiments

(a hypothesis differs from this bcz a hypothesis has NOT been tested yet)

in a graph, which (x or y axis) has the independent & the dependent variable?

x - axis = independent variable

y - axis = dependent variable