Immunology

What is innate immunity? speed? specific or nonspecific? Example?

What is adaptive immunity? speed? specific or nonspecific? What does it make?

• Innate immunity = what you're born with.

  • Fast

  • Non-specific

  • Skin, tears, mucus, inflammation, fever, phagocytes.

• Adaptive immunity = what you develop after exposure.

  • Slower

  • Very specific

  • Makes antibodies + memory cells.

Line of defence

what is the first line of defense? howw dos it work?

what is the second line of defense ? how does it work? example?

what is the third line of defence , how does it work , what does it do?

First line (Non-specific)

• Physical barriers that block entry.
  Examples: skin, mucus, sneezing, stomach acid.

Second line (Non-specific)

• Cells + chemicals you release after a pathogen actually gets in.
  Includes:

  • Inflammation

  • Fever

  • Phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages)

  • Complement proteins

Third line (Specific)

• Makes antibodies

• Creates memory cells

• Uses B cells & T cells

Define the following:

• WBCs (leukocytes)

• Nonself

• Self

• Pathogen-associated patterns PAMPs

• Pathogen recognition receptorsPRRs

• WBCs (leukocytes) – recognize foreign stuff.

• Nonself = antigen (anything foreign).

• Self = your normal cells.

• PAMPs – common patterns found on microbes.

• PRRs – receptors on WBCs that detect PAMPs.

Lymphatic System

whta is its main job ?

What are the 2 Primary lymphoid organsand what do they do ?

What happens in Secondary lymphoid organs? exmaples?

Its main job is to bring immune cells and antigens together.

lymphocytes are specific to only one or a few antigensw
antigens

Primary lymphoid organs

• Bone marrow

  • Makes all blood cells

  • B cells mature here

• Thymus

  • T cells mature here

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Where immune cells WAIT for antigens:

• Lymph nodes

• Spleen

• Tonsils

• MALT (Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)

• SALT (Skin-associated lymphoid tissue)

• Peyer’s patches (in intestines)

Blood Overview

what is whole blood made form?

What are formed elements? what do they include ?

what is a serum?

plasma, h=what does it contain?

BLOOD COMPONENTS

Whole blood = plasma + formed elements

Formed Elements:

• Erythrocytes (RBCs)

• Leukocytes (WBCs)

• Thrombocytes (platelets)

Plasma

• 92% water

• Contains proteins, clotting factors, hormones, gases

Serum

• Plasma WITHOUT clotting factors
  (after blood clots)

SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE DETAILS

• Phagocytosis

  what is the main cell ? what d they tunr into? where do they live ?

what are macrophages? , what do they do?

Phagocytosis

Main cells:

• Monocytes → turn into macrophages after 24 hrs

• They live in tissues, spleen, lymph nodes

Macrophages = the sensors of the immune system.
They:

• Detect invaders

• Eat them

• Present antigens to help start adaptive immunity

Inflammation

What are 5 cardinal signs?

What is the goal?

Inflammation

Cardinal signs:

1. Redness (more blood flow)

2. Heat (warm blood arriving)

3. Swelling (fluid leaks out → edema)

4. Pain (nerve stimulation)

5. Loss of function (sometimes)

Goal: bring more WBCs and chemicals to the infection or injury.

Fever

what is it triggered by?

• Exogenous pyrogens?

• Endogenous pyrogens ? 2 different types?

3 Benefits of Fever?

Fever

Triggered by pyrogens.

Types:

• Exogenous pyrogens = outside the body (ex: microbes)

• Endogenous pyrogens = made by your immune cells

  • IL-1

  • TNF

Benefits of Fever:

• Slows microbe growth

• Lowers iron (bacteria love iron)

• Speeds up immune reactions

Complement System

• How many proteins?

• Activated by what?

• What does it help destroy?

Three pathways:

1. Classical ?

2. Lectin ?

3. Alternative ?

Complement System

• 26 blood proteins

• Activated by a cascade reaction

• Helps destroy bacteria & viruses

Three pathways:

1. Classical → triggered by antibodies

2. Lectin → triggered by mannan-binding proteins

3. Alternative → directly binds microbial surfaces

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY (Third Line) Key Features:

• Specificity

• Memory

Two branches: 1. Humoral Immunity (B cells & antibodies)

Targets:

• bacteria

• toxins

• viruses OUTSIDE cells

2. Cell-Mediated Immunity (T cells)

Targets:

• viruses INSIDE cells

• cancer cells

• intracellular bacteria