PSYCH 446--Exam 1

continuity principle, survival principle, individuality matters, and normal aging is different from disease

what are the four principles of adult development?

continuity principle

changing across the lifespan, what happens when you are young can have an impact later in life

survivor principle

people who are older got there because they survived

individuality matters

the heterogeneity of aging—How are the people around you different?

normal aging is different from disease

primary aging (presbyopia), secondary aging (cataracts), tertiary aging (rapid decline prior to death), and optimal aging (changes that can improve the aging process)

young-old, old, oldest-old and the really really old

what are the subgroups of aging?

young-old (65-74)

• still working

• still driving and getting around the community

• may be caring for an aging parent (85+ group)

old (75-84)

• still driving

• keeping up home

• working part time or full time

oldest old (85+)

• may be caring for spouse

• may be facing effects of chronic conditions

• may still be working

the really really old (100+)

centinarians and super centenarians

personal aging

changes in the individual reflecting passage of time

social aging

effects fo a changing environment

normative age-graded influences

implies you should be done at a certain point (e.g. graduation)—when to get married, have children

normative history-graded influences

events that occur to everyone—wars. economic changes, natural diasters

non-normative influences

lottery winnings, car accidents, fire, etc.

functional age

a person’s characteristics and abilities

ADLs

basic self-care tasks needed for everyday survival

IADLs

more complex tasks required for independent living in a community

biological age

an individual’s bodily functions—cardiovascular functioning, respiratory functioning, muscle and bone strength, cellular aging

psychological age

things such as reaction time, memory, learning ability and intelligence

social age

typical ages for people to be engaged in certain activities (work, family position in community, parenting, grandparenting, etc.)

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, subcutaneous fat

why does our skin wrinkle?

photoaging

the effects of the sun’s ultraviolet rays

lentigo

term for age spots

loss of subcutaneous fat—exposure of blood vessels and anti-coagulant (clotting) medication (coumadin)

what causes bruising in elderly?

destruction of germ centers that produce hair follicles

what causes hair loss?

presbyphonia

aging voice—-changes in voice

presbylarnyx

age related changes in the larynx

decrease in height between mid-50s and mid 70s men lose ~1 inch and women ~2 inches from compression of the spine, changes in posture

how do women and men change in height?

menopause, change in caloric requirements, decreased exercise

how does weight change in middle years?

weight loss from issues of swallowing, medical issues, muscle and bone loss, social issues

how does weight change in later years?

sarcopenia

changs in muscle strength and performance

osteopenia

precursor to osteoporosis—low bone mineral density

osteporosis

leading cause of broken bones in older women

osteoarthritis

one side wear and tear arthritis of joints

rheumatoid arthritis

inflammatory—both knees

DXA scan

determines rate of bone loss

vetebroplasty

a form of pain relief by injecting cement into a cracked or broken spinal bone

arthorplasty

replacing or realigning joint

cortisone injections

relieve pain

presbyopia

normal age related changes in vision

eyes produce fewer tears, cornea becomes less sensitive, and pupil decreases in size

why does our vision change as we age?

cataracts

opacity and yellowing of the lens

glaucoma

• vision in peripheral damaged

• second leading cause of blindness in the US, leading cause of blindness in African Americans

Heianopia

cant see half of vision—- stroke, trauma, or tumor

presbycusis

auditory changes—-higher pitched tones

conductive hearing loss

hearing loss in (outer/middle)

sensorineural hearing loss

(inner)—atrophy and degeneration of receptor

mixed hearing loss

combination of conductive and sensorineural

balance (equilibrium)

fluid and small hairs in semicircular canals help the brain maintain balance

ontogenesis

maturational process from infancy to adulthood

interactionist model of development

your environment shapes you, and you shape your environment. Most empirical support is found

niche-picking

athletically inclined/gifted-may partly be due to genetics

• playing and involvement in a given sport helps to improve/enhance abilities

plasticity in development

life course may be altered depending on the environment

• mental and physical exercise, avoiding harmful behaviors

reciprocity in development

people influence and are influenced by events in their lives

life footprint

the impact you have on life because of your existence

• your influence on others

social clock

an assumtion of when you should be doing certain things—college, marriage, etc.

activity theory

older people are happier when they are able to remain involved in social roles. No empiricle support

disengagement theory

older adults detach from society—a mutual withdrawal—older people want to detach from family and society. No empirical support

continuity theory

based on preference of older adults—some want to remain connected while others prefer to withdraw. People continue in the same activities, relationships, and perspectives as they age. Empirical support

ageism

set of beliefs about and attitudes toward the aged

• prejudices and negative stereotypes applied to someone based on his or her age

terror management theory

feat of mortality—young people will avoid interacting with older adults because of their own fear of aging

modernization hypothesis

older people have nothing to offer—in part because they have been removed from society.

triple/multi-jeopardy

discrimination based on multiple variables—age, sex, rave, ethnicity

inoculation hypothesis

those who experienced prejudice earlier in life become immune to poor treatment later in life. They have already lived and process negative treatment

age as a leveler view

in the basis of age, all people are treated the same—regardless of sex, race, ethnicity

epigenetic principle

each struggle must be resolved to continue development, there is still carryover from previous struggles

intimacy vs. isolation

young adulthood (19-40)

generativity vs. stagnation

adulthood (40-65)

integrity vs. despair

old age (65+)

initially

current info to make sense of incoming info—all animals are called dog

accomodation

moving from all things are dogs to a cat is cat, a bird is a bird, etc.

sensorimotor

touch,see (objects exist even when hidden)

preoperational

people and inanimate objects—people/objects view the world the same as the child (dolls feel pain)

concrete operational

classify objects

formal operational

hypothesis testing-consider various options

selective optimization with compensation theory

focus on successful aging

• people retain high well-being in spite of physical decline

• focus on progress

• canes/walkers, home modification

metabolic theories

limited energy in lifetime (fixed) suggest reducing metabolism will lengthen lifespan

cellular theory

limited number of times a cell can divide (Hayflick limit)

• telomeres and enzyme telomerase—tips of chromosome—become shorter with each replication

cross linking

stiffness that occurs

• tissues become stiffer with age

• develop in collagen—rigidity and shrinkage

free radicals

unstable oxygen molecules—reactive chemicals causing cellular damage

antioxidants

what postpone appearance of age-related diseases?

oxidative stress

an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in your body

stabilize free radicals, antioxidants postpone appearance of age-related diseases

what are the benefits of antioxidants?

genetic programming theories

aging programmed into genetic code? cells pre-programmed to self destruct?

somatic mutation theory

accumulation of mutations (resulting in permanent changes to our DNA sequence)

epigenetic clock theory

minor changes to the (chemical structure) of DNA—determine which genes are off and on

archival research

existing data

• ex. a nursing home in Omaha, no longer in operation had two books of data of residents

epidemology

scientific study of how often diseases happen in different groups of people and why

case reports

the experiences of an individual with a unique medical condition, social situation, etc.

focus groups/listening sessions

smaller numbers vs. larger group

• gaining input from people about a given issue or situation

• collect info about who attended, select characteristics

• response to established questions

meta analysis

findings across multiple studies about the same topic

• age, cohort, and time of measurement

• longitudinal studies

• cross-sectional studies

what are single factor research designs?

age

based on years, months, and days

cohort

any length—describe the year of a person’s birth (baby boom, Gen X, Gen Z, etc.)

cohort effects

social, historical, cultural influences—your own life

generation

20-30 years

time of testing.measurement

when person was tested

• historical influences—war, economic downturns, etc.

• technological influences

prospective design

studying a sample before an event of illness occurs. Intentional or unintentional

• ex. COVID-19, osteoporosis

sequential design

an outgrown of cross-sectional, longitudinal and time-lag designs. Most efficient design