national 5 biology unit 1

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Biology

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49 Terms

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<p>nucleus</p>

nucleus

controls cell activity

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<p>cell membrane</p>

cell membrane

controls entry + exit of substances

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<p>cell wall</p>

cell wall

supports + strengthens the cell

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<p>cytoplasm</p>

cytoplasm

site of chemical reactions

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<p>vacuole</p>

vacuole

water storage

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<p>chloroplast</p>

chloroplast

site of photosynthesis

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<p>mitochondria</p>

mitochondria

site of aerobic respiration

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<p>ribosomes</p>

ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

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<p>passive transport</p>

passive transport

movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration without energy (osmosis/diffusion)

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<p>active transport</p>

active transport

movement of molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration against the concentration gradient

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<p>diffusion</p>

diffusion

movement of molecules down a concentration gradient from a higher to a lower concentration

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<p>osmosis</p>

osmosis

movement of water from a high concentration to a low concentration through a selectively permeable membrane

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<p>animals cells in 1.7% salt solution</p>

animals cells in 1.7% salt solution

lose water by osmosis and shrink

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<p>animal cells in high water concentration</p>

animal cells in high water concentration

gain water by osmosis and burst

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<p>plant cells in low water concentration</p>

plant cells in low water concentration

lose water by osmosis and become plasmolysed

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<p>plant cells in high water concentration</p>

plant cells in high water concentration

gain water by osmosis and become turgid

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<p>plant cell</p>

plant cell

cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, chloroplasts, vacuole, mitochondria, ribosomes

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<p>animal cell</p>

animal cell

cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus mitochondria, ribosomes

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<p>fungus cells</p>

fungus cells

cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, vacuole, mitochondria, ribosomes

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<p>bacterium cell</p>

bacterium cell

cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, plasmids

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what do all cells share?

cell membrane, ribosomes

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gene

section of DNA that codes for a protein

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sequence of bases

sequence of amino acids which determines function and structure of the protein

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DNA

molecule made of nucleotides containing genetic information

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protein synthesis

  • double helix dna unwinds + unzips along a gene

  • mRna creates complementary copy on DNA code

  • mRna seperates from DNA, leaving through holes in the membrane

  • mRna atatches to ribosome to create proteins

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enzymes

biological catalysits that speed up chemical reactions in cells

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factors affecting enzyme activity

temperature, pH, concentration

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types of proteins

structural, elastin, enzyme, hormone, antibodies

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structural protein

collagen

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elastin protein

elasticity to skin

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enzyme protein

amylase

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hormone protein

insulin

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antibodies protein

fight infection

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activation energy

energy required for a chemical reaction to occur

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protein synthesis definition

build up of small to large molecules

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protein synthesis equation

glucose -(amylase) -> starch

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protein degradation equation

starch -(amylase) -> maltose

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protein degradation definition

large molecules broken down to small molecules

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genetic engineering

transfer of genes to another organism of a different species

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stages of genetic engineering

  • extract plasmid from bacteria

  • open plasmid with enzymes

  • identify + remove gene from chromosome

  • insert gene into plasmid

  • insert plasmid into a bacterium

  • grow large numbers of bacteria

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aerobic respiration

respiration where oxygen is present

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anaerobic respiration

respiration where oxygen is not present

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which type of respiration is the most efficient?

aerobic respiration as glucose is completely broken down and a lot of ATP is produced

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basic equation for respiration

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

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fermentation in plant/yeast cells

glucose -> pyruvate -> ethanol + carbon dioxide

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effect of lactate on muscle tissues

muscle fatigue

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similarities / differences between fermentation in plant and animals cells

  • both types of fermentation have anaerobic conditions

  • fermentation is reversible in animal cells and irreversible in plant cells

  • 2ATP produced in both

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fermentation in animal cells

glucose -> pyruvate -> <- lactate

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fermentation

breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen