Socio Test Review - Psychology

Used to demonstrate the power of in-group identification on the likelihood that one would help a stranger (soccer jersey study)

Levine et al (2005)

The Art condition: participants divided into groups based on a false sense of art preference. Participants want their in-group to be treated better than the outgroup, and chose for the out-group to get less money than the in-group, even if it meant their in-group didn’t get the maximum amount of money.

Tajfel et al

 BIRGing condition: participants were more likely to wear the T-shirts of their college sports team after they won.

Cialdini

Participants watched as adults played with a bobo doll. They were then given the opportunity to play with their own bobo doll. More likely to follow same-sex actions.

Bandura

Babies watched a mother play with a light box. Were given the light box a week later to play with. They were more likely to follow the mother’s unorthodox actions if it was clear that she acted oddly despite other alternatives.

Gergely

 Jehovah’s witness owns a pet sloth vs christian owns a pet cat. Jehovah’s witness (rare thing) + pet sloth (rare thing) = illusory correlation, better remembered, formed stereotypes.

Risen et al

Condition A and B, same ratio of bad to good things but B is less common. People formed worse stereotypes about condition B.

Hamilton and Gifford

African Americans more likely to do worse on a grammar test when reminded of the racist stereotype saying that AAs are bad at reading.

Steele and Aronson

Reading tests presented as a game or as a test: girls did better on reading because they perceived girls to be better at reading, boys the opposite.

Pansu et al

Flashbulb memories in different cultures after a Japanese power plant leak. A year later, only 14% of Japanese had FBM from it, whereas Westerners had 8o% usually from power plant leaks.

Otani et al

Asian American students that are asked questions that are relating to one of their two cultural identities. “As an Asian, I….” “As an American, I…”

Wang

IT is more accepted in lower power distance cultures, since in high power distance cultures, it can threaten the hierarchy.

Zakar

IV: if the baby’s clothes were blue or pink DV: which toys the adult chose to hand to the child. Participants treated the baby differently from their perceived gender, meaning that children are treated differently from birth.

Smith and Lloyd

Children showed pictures aligning or defying gender roles, then came back a week later. The gender role correct ones are more easily remembered, meaning that gender stereotypes are enforced from a young age.

Martin and Halverson

Studied the way that Indians and Pakistanis integrated into America. Indians showed more separation, Pakistanis showed more integration. Indians also reported much more racism, meaning that acculturative stress has a direct link to acculturative adaptation.

Robinson

Semi-structured interviews, found that the higher the acculturative stress, the less integration, but that integration was better for the mental stability of the immigrant. Connection to original culture (through family, language, etc) decreased acculturative stress and increased integration.

Lueck and Wilson

Response for “Evaluate Social Identity Theory”

SIT is predicated on the idea that the groups we belong to play a major role in our sense of self and influence our behaviors in a variety of ways (the essay will focus on how in-group and out-group members are treated differently, and that we are more likely to treat in-group members better). We are more likely to be prideful when our group does well.

SIT is a strong theory well supported by research that has a wide variety of applications, including the explanation for discrimination and conflict (leading to better resolutions), the recognition of conformity and identity, and the establishment of further identity.

Limitations of SIT

Limitations: There are multiple senses of identity, not just one, so this does not account for overlaps. It has also not been proven to have influence outside of Western cultures (population validity)

Response for “Evaluate Social Cognitive Theory”

 SCT says that information and behaviors are learned through observation, especially at a young age. There are two types of observational learning: vicarious and observational

Vicarious: Social media

Observational: Actions of relatives, social experiences

Impact can differ. The more the observer likes the observed, the bigger the impact. If the observer perceives that there are other possible actions but the observed decides to do one action specifically, the action is more likely to stick.

Types of Social Cognitive Theory Learning

Vicarious: Social media

Observational: Actions of relatives, social experiences

Response to “Discuss one or more theories of stereotype formation”

Illusory Correlation: explains how we form stereotypes, especially ones of minority groups. Two rare things become associated with each other, until it becomes generalized to a group.

Rare thing + rare thing = correlation. 

Rare thing + common thing = no correlation.

Response to “Discuss how stereotypes may affect behavior”

Stereotype Threat: when an in-group negative task stereotype leads to negative impact on that specific task upon reminder. Can be caused by anxiety or self-consciousness.

Response to “Discuss the use of 1 or more research methods used to investigate the individual and the group”

Experiment: Various studies use experiments to directly test how in-group and out-group behavior differs. These experiments can be quasi with premade groups (t-shirt study) or made within the study (art preference study). The experiment must have an IV, DV, and controlled variables. 

Correlational: some studies use correlation, since observation is also a good way to study in group and out group behaviors.

Response to “Discuss 1 or more ethical considerations relating the research investigating the individual and the group”

Consent: in studies using children, consent must be obtained by the parent or guardian. All participants must know that they can withdraw at any time and that they have a right for their information not to be shared. Anonymity must be preserved or the participant should be explicitly told that it will not be.

Response to “Discuss how culture may influence cognition and or behavior.”

In cross cultural studies, it is shown that different cultures have differences in autobiographical memory. Personal experiences have more or less impact based on culture.

Euro-Americans remember things centered around “I” and individuality, Asians around “we” and group

Response to “Discuss the influence of one or more cultural dimensions on behavior”

Power distance:

How power is distributed within a society. How the more powerful are expected to treat the less powerful and vice versa.

High power distance discourages more innovation

Affects how generosity is received

Response to “Discuss how enculturation affects cognition and/or  behavior“

Learning your first culture, internalizing what is acceptable and what is not, learning traditions

Starts at birth and goes throughout our entire lives

Happens in two ways: formally and informally

• Classrooms, churches, laws

• Family, friends, media

Gender roles:

Both genders are treated differently from birth and other things (classrooms, churches, laws, family, friends, social media) enforce the gender norms

Response to “Discuss how acculturation affects cognition and/or  behavior”

The way that you adapt to a culture different from yours.

There are four types:

Assimilation: Fully adapt to the new culture with none of your own left

Integration: Incorporate both cultures together

Separation: Reject the new culture

Marginalization: No interest in other cultures but also no interest in your own

The type of adaptation one takes on is affected by factors like acculturative stress, caused by racism/anxiety/etc.

Response to “Discuss the use of 1 or more research method used to investigate cultural Influences on identity, cognition and behavior”

Questionnaire: questionnaires with self reported results are used for many studies involving the impact of culture and resulting behaviors

Experiment: Many studies use experiments to try and support an actual cause-and-effect relationship, instead of only a correlational one

Saw correlation between power distance and tipping. More tipping means that you think the waiter is “inferior”, and countries with differing power distance receive it differently, since they perceive generosity differently.

Lynn, Kinkhan, and Harris

Response to “Discuss 1 or more ethical considerations relating the research investigating cultural Influences on identity, cognition and behavior”

Right to withdraw: since some studies involving culture take a long time to carry out or involve culture, which may be a sensitive topic for some, it is important to inform participants that they may withdraw from the study at any time.