Exam 1 KIN150

What are the three main functions of energy?

To provide energy, to provide building blocks for repair, growth, and maintenance, and to regulate body processes (metabolism).

What is metabolism?

Metabolism is all the continuous biochemical reactions occurring within the body to maintain life.

What is metabolic rate?

The speed of your metabolism, commonly known as the number of calories you burn in a given amount of time.

What factors affect metabolic rate?

Age, muscle mass, body size, environmental temperature, physical activity, and hormone disorders.

Can metabolism be changed?

Yes and no although genetics may contribute, the extent of their effect on metabolic rate and weight gain is debated.

What are essential nutrients?

Nutrients necessary for life that the body cannot make or cannot make in sufficient amounts.

What are non-essential nutrients?

Nutrients that the body can make in sufficient amounts, though their consumption is still beneficial.

What is fortified food?

Foods with nutrients added that were not originally present.

What is a calorie?

A calorie is a unit of energy.

How many calories are in each gram of protein?

4 calories per gram.

How many calories are in each gram of carbohydrates?

4 calories per gram.

How many calories are in each gram of fat?

9 calories per gram.

What are the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs) for macronutrients?

45-65% from carbohydrates, 20-35% from fat, and 10-35% from protein.

What is nutritional status?

Health as influenced by intake and use of nutrients.

How is nutritional status evaluated?

By analyzing food and nutrient intake, physical health, medical and family history, and lifestyle.

How have dietary guidelines changed over time?

They now emphasize preventing chronic diseases rather than just nutrient deficiencies.

What is MyPlate?

USDA's food guide illustrating the proportion of the five food groups.

What are the four dietary guidelines?

Follow a healthy eating pattern, focus on variety and nutrient density, limit certain nutrients, and shift to healthier choices.

What is the Daily Value (DV)?

A standard value per nutrient to help consumers understand how a food contributes to overall daily nutrient needs.

What is an Authorized Health Claim?

A statement linking a food or nutrient to reduced risk of a disease, requiring FDA approval.

What is a Qualified Health Claim?

A statement based on emerging but limited scientific evidence, requiring qualifying language.

What is a Structure/Function Claim?

Describes how a nutrient supports normal body structure or function without needing FDA approval.

How are carbohydrates formed? what are they made of?

Through photosynthesis, where plants synthesize glucose and other carbohydrates using sunlight. They are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

What are 3 types of carbohydrates discussed ?

glucose, fructose, and galactose

What is the difference between simple and complex carbohydrates?

Simple carbohydrates are made of one or two sugars, while complex carbohydrates are made of many linked sugars.

What is the purpose of glycolysis?

Breaks glucose into pyruvate and produces ATP. Occurs outside mitochondria

where is the majority of digestion occurring

small intestine

What does glycolysis produce?

Pyruvate, reduced carriers, a small amount of ATP

What are the four ways nutrients can be absorbed into the intestines?

Passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, endocytosis

How is glucose transported into the body?

glucose are absorbed via active transport

What happens to excess glucose if it cannot be stored as glycogen?

Excess glucose is converted into fat

Where is glycogen stored in the body?

In the liver and skeletal muscle

What is the glycemic index?

It measures how quickly a food raises blood glucose levels compared to pure glucose. Foods with higher glycemic index raise blood sugar faster

What are the AHA recommendations for added sugar for women?

≤ 24 g/day (6 teaspoons)

What are the AHA recommendations for added sugar for men?

≤ 36 g/day (9 teaspoons)

What are the three types of lipids?

Triglycerides (fats), phospholipids (cell membrane) , and sterols (cholesterol and phytosterols)

Which type of lipid is most common in the body?

Triglycerides

What makes up a triglyceride?

3 fatty acids and a glycerol backbone

What are the functions of lipids?

energy storage, insulation, organ protection and hormone production

saturated vs unsaturated fats

saturated have single bonds (saturated with hydrogen atoms) and unsaturated bonds has double bonds (can't hold as many hydrogen atoms)

Which is solid at room temperature, saturated fats or unsaturated fats?

Saturated fats are solid at room temperature e.g. butter, steak

when the lipoproteins are transporting the lipids through the blood they get the name

chylomicrons is that lipoprotein that is transporting the lipids from the small intestine to the liver

What is HDL and why is it considered 'good cholesterol'?

HDL (High-density lipoprotein) picks up excess cholesterol and returns it to the liver

What is LDL and why is it considered 'bad cholesterol'?

LDL (Low-density lipoprotein) delivers cholesterol to cells and can deposit cholesterol in arteries

What is the difference between phospholipids and sterols?

Phospholipids have a phosphate group and are part of cell membranes; sterols have a ring-shaped structure and include cholesterol

What are non-modifiable risk factors for heart disease?

Age, sex, genetics

What are modifiable risk factors for heart disease?

Smoking, high saturated fat diet, physical inactivity, obesity, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, diabetes

What are the functions of proteins?

Tissue repairs and maintenance

Structural, enzymes, hormones, transport and storage, immunity, movement, energy

What are essential amino acids?

Amino acids that cannot be made by the body and must come from the diet

What are non-essential amino acids?

Amino acids that can be synthesized by the body

What are BCAAs and their importance?

Branched-chain amino acids (leucine = most important build muscle, isoleucine, valine) are important for muscle protein synthesis

How is protein digested and transported in the body?

They get transported as amino acids in the bloodstream

Protein digestion in the mouth

only mechanical digestion

What is the RDA for protein for healthy adults?

0.8 g/kg/day

What are complete proteins?

Proteins that contain all 9 essential amino acids

What are incomplete proteins?

Proteins that are missing one or more essential amino acids

What can happen with excess protein intake?

Dehydration, kidney stress, bone health issues, increased heart disease and cancer risk

steps of protein synthesis

1. Transcription

2. Translation

3. Folding

protein catabolism

breakdown of protein to amino acids occurs when energy intake is too low

protein requirements

it varies person by person. Higher need infants, pregnancy/lactaction.. 0.8g/kg

excess protein

Intakes > 3 g/kg/day long-term may cause:

Dehydration

Kidney stress & stones