Functional Groups

alkane (-C-C)

Hydrocarbon. Carbon-Carbon single bond. Less reactive. Saturated (max Hydrogens)

alkene (-C=O)

Hydrocarbon. Carbon=Carbon double bond. More reactive. Unsaturated

alkyne (-C≡C)

Hydrocarbon. Carbon≡Carbon triple bond. Highly reactive. Highly unsaturated

aromatic (arene)

Hydrocarbon. Cyclical Carbon ring (6C). Single/double bonds. Highly stable.

aldehyde (-CHO)

Carbonyl compound. Carbonyl (C=O) bonded to Hydrogen.

ketone (R>C=O)

Carbonyl compound. Carbonyl (C=O) bonded to 2 R (Side Chains)

carboxylic acid (R-COOH)

Carboxyl derivative. Carbonyl (C=O) bonded to Hydroxyl group. Weak acid.

ester (RCOOR’)

Carboxyl derivative. Carbonyl (C=O) bonded to Ox and R’ (side chain). Neutral. Forms from Carboxylic Acid + Alcohol.

amide (RCON<R’)

Carboxyl derivative. Carbonyl (C=O) bonded to Nitrogen with 2 R’ (side chains). Used in peptide bonds.

alkyl halide (haloalkane) (RCH-X)

Heteroatomic. Alkane with an H replaced by a halogen (Fluorine, Bromine, Chlorine, Iodine). Polar and reactive.

amine (R-NH2)

Heteroatomic. Nitrogen atom with lone pair. Derived from NH3 (ammonia) by changing an H to R (side chain).

alcohol (R-COH)

Heteroatomic. Hydroxyl (-OH) bound to saturated carbon. Provides hydrophyllic properties to the hydrocarbon.

ether (ROR’)

Heteroatomic. Oxygen single bonded to two R’ groups. Symetrical (same R) or unsymetrical (different R).