AP EUROPEAN HISTORY (lexa's ver)

renissance

rebirth, european movement that grew out of re-discovery of the classical texts from greece and rome, end of 1300s to 1600s

Petrarch

father of renissance and humanism

humanism

developed by Petrarch, idea based on the unlimited potential of humans

philiology

humanism led to a discipline of this latin language

secularism

the decoupling of religious belief from society and more focus on individualism

individualism

focusing on yourself, individual improvement and potential, what makes you different

civic humanism

humanism applied to political life, using talents to benefit community

Niccolo Machiavelli

wrote the prince, argued you should do anything and everything to keep power

Northern Renaissance

main ideas from renaissance, emphasis differed, focused more on religion and showing real life

christian humanism

everything about humanism combined with christianity, wanted more simpler religion

Erasmus

education, bible, and classical literature are the basis of life, praise of folly 1509 before reformation

Printing Press

spread everything and anything

Johannes Gutenburg

Invented the printing press in 1440

Vernacular Literature

translations of texts into common knowledge

New Monarchs (unit 1)

Began to consolidate power to themselves

Henry VIII

Wanted a male heir, didn’t get one, divorced, mistress Anne Bolin, got pregnant, divorced, church wouldn’t let him, new head of England church

Treason Act

Recognized Church of England 1534

Angelican Church

Church of England

concordat of bologna 1516

Pope Leo X got right to collect income from French Catholic Church, pope got right to appoint officials, Francis I

Peace of Augsburg

Could decide if Lutheran or Catholic in HRE depending on prince 1555

Medici Family

Established banking in Italy

Mercantilism

More exports than imports

Jean Baptiste Colbert

Frances financial advisor, pro merchantilist and no tariffs

Las Casas

Worked to make lives of Native Americans less harsh but didn’t care about African Americans

Christopher Columbus

Commissioned to find route to Asian spice trade in 1492 discovered Americas

Treaty of Tordesillas

Resolved dispute with Spain and Portugal about colonies and what land is theirs in Americas 1494

Columbian exchange

Exchange of goods, food, tools, diseases, etc. across the world

Feudalism

Nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to the king, in exchange for loyalty, military service and protection

Casta System

Racial/class hierarchy in the colonies

Encomienda System

Tribute and killings of Native American slaves in the colonies

African Slave Trade

Colonies had growing plantation labor, American Indian slaves weren’t working for them, moved over the Africans

Middle Passage

The ocean route that Africans endured when coming over to the colonies

Commercial Revolution

Occurred because more people desired money over land

Dutch East India Company

Oversea trade in Indian Ocean which was a joint stock company, rivals of British East Inda Company

Joint Stock Company

Private company with shares

Subsistence Farming

Grew what they needed to survive

Crop Rotation

Rotating what crop to grow by year

3 field system

Different fields for different crops, ex: 2 for crops, 1 for fallow

Open field system

Farming joint with villages, everything in the open

Simony

buying and selling church offices

Indulgences

buying your way out of purgatory

Martin Luther

Rose up because he was angry with how corrupt the church was

Sola Scriptura

Martin Luther’s developed idea about how the bible has more meaning than the pope

95 Theses

Luther’s complaints, he nailed it to the Wittenburg Church 1517

Diet of Worms

church dennounced Luther in trial 1521

John Calvin

emerged protestant, focus on predestination

Anabaptists

Similar beliefs with Luther and Calvin but not on the topic of baptism

John Wycliffe and Jan Hus

Spoke up against the church before Luther but didn’t have success because they did not have the printing press

Calvinism

type of protestantism in France

Hugenots

French Calvinists

Charles IX

took throne as child, mother Catherine de Medici had to replace

Catherine de Medici

Ruled for her son until he was of age

Massacre of Vassy

Hugenots at service, a catholic duke ordered them killed, massacre protestants vs catholics 1562

St. Bartholemew’s day Massacre

Another massacre orchestrated by Catherine de Medici at wedding of Charles 9 sister (catholic) and Henry Navarre (protestant) 1572

Henry Navarre

became Henry IV, known for religious toleration and establishing the edict of nantes after War of Three Henrys in 1585-89

Edict of Nantes

established france as a catholic state but provided hugonots freedom of worship without harm 1598

Habsburgs

A powerful European dynasty that ruled over Austria, Spain, and other territories for centuries, known for strategic marriages to expand their influence.

Elizabeth 1

Queen of England and Ireland from 1558 until her death in 1603. She is known for her long and prosperous reign, defeating the Spanish Armada, and for promoting the Renaissance in England.

30 Years War

War started in HRE/Protestant Bohemia over religion, first two phases religious, last two political, last war of religion 1616-48

Defenistration of Prauge

Event in 1618 where Bohemian Protestant nobles threw Catholic officials out of a window, sparking the Thirty Years' War.

Bohemian Phase

HRE and Ferdinand II beat Bohemian Protestant uprising 1618-25

Danish Phase

Danish Christian IV now on the protestant side bc they are anti habsburgs, HRE Wallenstien win 1625-29

Swedish Phase

TURNING POINT OF THE WAR, turned from a religious war to a political one bc Sweden didn’t want the habsburgs to have all Central Europe, Spain, and Denmark, Swedish Gustavus Adolphus and protestants won with help from France 1630-35

Franco Swedish Phase

French fought protestant side so Habsburgs would not gain more power, protestant success in Battle of Rocroi 1643, return of religious tolerance, independence of Netherlands 1635-48

Peace of Westphalia

Ended 30 Years War, marked end of religious wars, amended peace of augsburg to include calvinism, HRE now weak 1648

Counter/Catholic Reformation

in response to protestant complaints, catholics went through their own reformation 1545-1648

Loyola

established Jesuit Order, focus on education

Ursalines

female version of jesuits, same focus on education and missionaries

Carmelite Order

rejected corruption of the church and focused on prayer

Council of Trent

goal was to resolve differences between catholics and protestants, surpressed simony, re established celibacy of priests, sale of indulgences scaled down, re affirmed traditional catholic beliefs, use violence against protestant uprisings 1545

Mannerism

type of art that rose from the reformation that used distorted figures, violated proportion, showcased emotion 1500s

Baroque Art

merged renissance art and protestantism art, thinking + feeling = ______ art 1600s-1700s

absolutism

monarch holds absolute power

constitutional government

limited form of government in england, by law no english gov could be absolutist

Divine Right of Kings

god already chose who has political authority

Charles 1

big believer in divine right of kings, believed he could seize any land he wanted too, major tension between him and parliament bc he kept spending $$ that parliament did not approve

Charles’s Personal Rule

Parliament not in session to save money but called parliament again in short and long parliament

Puritans

wanted to purify the angelicin church

English Civil War

fought to decide if absolute monarch or constitutional monarch should rule england, overthrow of Charles I and put Cromwell into power 1642-51

Oliver Cromwell

Leadership of parliament side of war, crushed kings forces and captured king, Lord Protector of English Commonwealth

Restoration period

Throne goes from Charles 2 to James 2 stuart dynasty 1660-88

Glorious Revolution

Parliament sick of James 2, gave throne to Mary and William of Orange, Monarchs changed without bloodshed, divine rights of kings gone 1688-89

English Bill of Rights

Gave more power to parliament over the king after William of Orange became king

Agricultural Revolution

farming in britian and netherlands changed, output different

cottage industry

making goods for sale in your house because fewer people were needed for farming

Putting out system

goods started off with capitalist merchant, goods to cottage worker, finalized good back to merchant, etc.

Guild Workers

artisan getting paid for work

Adam Smith

Published Wealth of Nations, criticized mercantilism, pro capitalism

Navigation Acts

British restrictions on colonial trade, promoted British self sufficiency 1651, 1660

Triangular Trade

items, goods, people, etc. traded from americas to Uk to africa

Dutch Golden Age

Netherlands thriving w/independence and federal government, art, military, trade, science 1588-1672

Battle of Vienna

to gain better trading routes, Austria, Poland, and HRE took down ottoman empire 1683

Louis XIV

always in war, wanted to expand territory in France, weaken Habsburg influence across Europe and increase own glory

9 years war

LXIV fought to gain HRE territory 1688-97

Grand Alliance

Habsburgs, HRE, Netherlands, England, Spain, Sweden and Portugal

War of Spanish Succession

Charles 2 of Spain died, Phillips V to succeed, Phillip was LXIV grandson, many feared France and Spain would come together under LXIV, war broke out 1701-14

Treaty of Utrecht

Phillip V will remain on throne but France and Spain must be seperate, ended War of Spanish Succession 1713

Gustavus Adolphus

Swedish King during 30 years’ war, built massive professional army before fighting in war, military revolution

James 1

significantly influenced by the divine rights of kings, spent a lot of $$

Phillip II

absolutism at it’s peak with him in Spain, Spanish Armada