ANSC 218 Test 3

Oogenesis

production of mature egg ready for ferilization

Spermatogenesis

production of spermatozoa

Follicle

area on the ovary where egg matures and is eventually released (ovulation)

Endocrine Glands produce:

hormones, which secrete directly into bloodstream

Hypothalamus controls:

pituitary gland

Hypothalamus secretes:

Releasing and Inhibiting Factors- control when pituitary gland releases its hormones

Two parts of the pituitary gland:

anterior and posterior pituitary

How are the two parts of the pituitary gland connected to the hypothalamus?

Anterior: portal system (blood vessels)

Posterior: specialized nerves

7 major endocrine glands of the animal body 

1. Pituitary

2. Thyroid

3. Parathyroid

4. Adrenal

5. Pancreas

6. Testes

7. Ovaries

Two hormones the hypothalamus secretes:

Where are they stored?

1. Antidiuretic hormone

2. Oxytocin

Stored in the posterior pituitary gland

Does the posterior pituitary gland produce any hormones?

NO

Six hormones produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland

1. Growth Hormone

2. Prolactin

3. Thyroid- Stimulating Hormone

4. Adrenocorticotropic hormone

5. Follicle-stimulating Hormone

6. Luteinizing Hormone

Site of action of the growth hormone

Young Animals- bone and muscle

All ages: many body tissues

Excess of growth hormone disorder is called:

acromegaly

Site of action for prolactin:

mammary glands

Function of prolactin:

stimulates lactation- produces milk

Site of action for thyroid stimulating hormone:

thyroid gland

Function of thyroid stimulating hormone:

stimulates growth/ development of thyroid gland, gland produces its hormones

Site of action for adrenocorticotropic hormone:

cortex of adrenal gland

Function of adrenocorticotropic hormone:

stimulates growth/ development of adrenal gland cortex

Stimulates release of some adrenal cortex hormones

Site of action for follicle-stimulating horrmone:

ovary or testes

Function in females of follicle-stimulating hormone

1. Stimulates oogenesis- growth and development of eggs and follicles in ovaries

2. stimulates cells lining follicles to produce/ secrete estrogens

Function in males of follicle-stimulating hormone

stimulates spermatogenesis- production of sperm

Site of action in females for luteinizing hormone:

ovary, follicle

site of action in males for luteinizing hormone:

testes- interstitial cells

Function of luteinizing hormone in females:

completes process of follicle development in ovary- results in ovulation

Function of luteinizing hormone in males:

stimulates interstitial cells in testes to develop and produce testosterone

Diuresis

producing and passing large amounts of urine

Glucose

simple sugar used by body cells as form of energy

Hyperglycemia

high levels of glucose in blood

hypoglycemia

low levels of glucose in blood

Hypercalcemia

high levels of calcium in the blood

hypocalcemia

low levels of calcium in blood

hypoxia

low level of oxygen in the blood

Site of action for antidiuretic hormone

kidneys

function of antidiuretic hormone:

helps to prevent diuresis

siteS of action for oxytocin

smooth muscle in uterus

mammary glands

Functions of oxytocin:

1. Causes contraction of uterine smooth muscle at time of breeding and birthing

2. stimulates milk letdown

3. bonds mother and offspring

Thyroid gland hormones:

1. Thyroid hormone

2. Calcitonin

Parathyroid gland hormones:

1.parathyroid hormone

Adrenal cortex hormones:

1. glucocorticoids

2. mineralocorticoids

3. sex hormones

adrenal medulla hormones:

1. epinephrine

2. norepinephrine

pancreas hormones

1. insulin 

2. glucagon

3. somatostatin

Testes hormones:

1. Testosterone

Ovaries hormones:

1. Estrogen

2. progestins

Kidneys hormones:

erythropoietin

effects of thyroid hormones:

1. Regulates metabolic rate of body’s cells- allows animal to burn calories to generate heat; maintain constant internal body temperature

Hyperthyroidism

hyper mode- increased activity, revenous appetite, weight loss, fast heart rate, poor hair coat- most common in cats

Hypothyroidism

slow mode- weight gain, poor appetite, lethargy, hair loss, heat seeking- most common in dogs

Site of production and action for calcitonin:

Production: C cells of thyroid gland

Site of Action: calcium in bloodstream/ bones

Function of calcitonin:

remove excess calcium from blood and deposit it in bones- decrease about of calcium in bloodstream

prevents hypercalcemia

Site of production and action for parathyroid hormone:

Production: parathyroid gland

Action: bone, kidney, intestine

Function of parathyroid hormone

increases the amount of calcium in the bloodstream

prevents hypocalcemia

Location of adrenal glands:

near kidneys- right and left

Two areas of adrenal glands:

1. Adrenal Cortex- outer portion

2. Adrenal Medulla- inner portion

Hormones produced in adrenal cortex:

1. Glucocorticoids

2. Mineralocorticoids

3. Small amount of sex hormones

Referred to as steroids

Hormones produced in adrenal medulla:

1. Epinephrine (adrenaline)

2. Norepinephrine

fight or flight response (sympathetic) in body

Endocrine components of pancreas:

1. Glucagon (alpha cells)

2. Insulin (beta cell)

3. Somatostatin (delta cells)

Site of production and action for insulin:

Production: pancreas

Action: cell membranes, allows cell to take in glucose and use for energy

Function of insulin:

moves glucose from bloodstream into body cells where it can be used- decrease blood glucose level

Site of production and action for glucagon:

Production: Pancreas

Action: liver cells, fat and protein stores in body

Function of glucagon:

stimulates liver cells to convert stored glycogen into glucose and send to bloodstream- increases blood glucose levels, also stimulates conversion of fat and protein into glucose (gluconeogenesis)

Diabetes Mellitus:

disease caused by lack of insulin or non-functional insulin

leads to abnormally high amounts of glucose in blood 

Seminiferous tubules

site of sperm production

Interstitial cells/ endocrine cells

produce androgens- hormones such as testosterone

Testosterone/ functions of testosterone

primary male androgen produced by interstitial cells of testes

Provides for development of male secondary sex characteristics and accessory glands and activated spermatogenesis

Two hormones the ovaries produce:

estrogens

progestins

estrogen site of production and site of action:

Production: follicles on ovaries

Action: reproductive system, etc.

Function of estrogen 

development of secondary sex characteristics in females

role in estrous cycle- responsible for signs of “heat”

Corpus Luteum produces/ secretes:

progestins

Progestin site of action and functions:

uterus

help prepare uterus to receive fertilized ovum

works to maintain pregnancy if one develops

Hormone kidneys produce:

erythropoietin

Erythropoietin site of action and function:

bone marrow

stimulate bone marrow to increase production of oxygen carrying red blood cells

Angi/angio

relating to blood vessels

vas/vaso/vascular

relating to blood vessels

myocardium:

muscle of the heart

cardi/cardio/cardiac

relating to the heart

hema/hemo/hemato

relating to blood

4 components of cardiovascular system:

heart

arteries

veins

capillaries

Location of the heart:

mediastinum- between right and left lungs

Apex/ base of heart

Apex- pointed caudal end to end of heart

Base-rounded cranial aspect of heart

Pericardium:

fibrous, protective tissue around heart

two parts of pericardium:

1 .Fibrous pericardium (pericardial sac)

2. Serous pericardium- visceral and parietal layers

Fibrous pericardium

outermost layer of pericardium

tough, fibrous connective tissue

slightly loose around heart to allow heart room to expand

Serous pericardium:

Innermost layer of pericardium

composed of two parts- parietal and visceral layers

Parietal Layer:

outer layer of serous pericardium- smooth, moise

Visceral Layer:

aka epicardium- innermost layer of serous pericardium

adhered directly to cardiac muscle

Pericardial fluid

found between layers of serous pericardium

provides lubrication, prevents friction

Allows heart to expand/ contract smoothly

3 layers of the wall of the heart:

1. Epicardium- same as visceral layer of serous pericardium

2. Myocardium- muscle layer

3. Endocardium- membrane lining inside of heart

Atria:

Upper heart chambers, right and left

RECIEVE blood from major vessels

Ventricles:

Lower heart chambers- right and left

PUMP BLOOD AWAY from heart via major vessels

Interatrial septum:

separates right/ left atria

Right Atrium Receives Blood From:

vena cava

Left Atrium Recieves Blood From:

Pulmonary Veins

Interventricular septum

separates right/ left ventricles

Right Ventricle pumps blood to:

lungs via pulmonary artery

Left Ventricle pumps blood out to:

body via aorta

Name of valve between atria/ ventricles

right/ left atrioventricular valve

Valve on left side between ventricles and major vessels leading out of ventricles

aortic valve

Valve on right side between ventricles and major vessels leading out of ventricles

pulmonary valve