Chapter 4: Carl Jung - Psychological Types - Development of Personality

Causality

holds that present events have their origin in previous experiences.

Jung criticized Freud for being one-sided in his emphasis on causality and insisted that a …

… causal view could not explain all motivation.

Teleology

holds that present events are motivated by goals and aspirations for the future that direct a person's destiny.

Jung insisted that human behavior is shaped by …

… both causal and teleological forces and that causal explanations must be balanced with teleological ones.

To achieve self-realization, people must adapt not only to their …

… outside environment but to their inner world as well.

Adaptation to the outside world involves the forward flow of psychic energy and is called …

Progression

Adaptation to the inner world relies on a backward flow of psychic energy and is called …

Regression

Psychological Types [2A, 4F]

Jung recognized various psychological types that grow out of a union of two basic attitudes—introversion and extraversion—and four separate functions—thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuiting.

Attitude

predisposition to act or react in a characteristic direction.

Jung insisted that each person has both an …

… introverted and an extraverted attitude, although one may be conscious while the other is unconscious.

Introversion

is the turning inward of psychic energy with an orientation toward the subjective.

Introverts are tuned in to their inner world with all its biases, fantasies, dreams, and individualized perceptions.

Extraversion

is the attitude distinguished by the turning outward of psychic energy so that a person is oriented toward the objective and away from the subjective.

Extraverts are more influence by their surroundings than by their inner world.

People are neither completely … nor completely …

introverted & extraverted

… people attain a balance of the two attitudes.

Psychologically healthy

Both introversion and extraversion can combine with any one or more of four functions, forming … possible orientations, or …

1. eight

2. types

Logical intellectual activity that produces a chain of ideas is called …

Thinking

Extraverted Thinking people

rely heavily on concrete thoughts, but they may also use abstract ideas if these ideas have been transmitted to them from the outside.

Introverted Thinking people

react to external stimuli, but their interpretation of an event is colored more by the internal meaning they bring with them than by the objective facts themselves.

Feeling

describe the process of evaluating an idea or an event. Feeling is the evaluation of every conscious activity.

A more accurate term would be valuing, less likely to be confused with either sensing or intuiting.

Extraverted Feeling people

use objective data to make evaluations.

They are not guided so much by their subjective opinion, but by external values and widely accepted standards of judgment.

Examples of Jungian Types:

1. Real estate appraisers,

2. objective movie critics

Introverted Feeling people

base their value judgments primarily on subjective perceptions rather than objective facts.

Examples of Jungian Types:

1. Subjective movie critics,

2. art appraisers

Sensing

The function that receives physical stimuli and transmits them to perceptual consciousness.

It is simply the individual's perception of sensory impulses.

Extraverted Sensing people

perceive external stimuli objectively, in much the same way that these stimuli exist in reality.

Their sensations are not greatly influenced by their subjective attitudes.

Examples of Jungian Types:

1. Wine tasters,

2. proofreaders,

3. popular musicians,

4. house painters

Introverted Sensing people

are largely influenced by their subjective sensations of sight, sound, taste, touch, and so forth.

They are guided by their interpretation of sense stimuli rather than the stimuli themselves.

Examples of Jungian Types:

1. Artists,

2. classical musicians

Intuition

involves perception beyond the workings of consciousness.

Intuiting differs from sensing in that it is more creative, often adding or substracting elements from conscious sensation.

Extraverted Intuitive people

are oriented towards facts in the external world.

Rather than fully sensing them, however, they merely perceive them subliminally.

Because strong sensory stimuli interfere with intuition, intuitive people suppress many of their sensations and are guided by hunches and guesses contrary to sensory data.

Examples of Jungian Types:

1. Some inventors,

2. Religious reformers

Introverted intuitive people

are guided by unconscious perception of facts that are basically subjective and have little or no resemblance to external reality.

Their subjective intuitive perceptions are often remarkably strong and capable of motivating decisions of monumental magnitude.

Examples of Jungian Types:

1. Prophets,

2. mystics,

3. religious fanatics

A person who has theoretically achieved self-realization or individuation would have …

… all four functions highly developed.

Jung grouped the stages of life into four general periods …

Stages of Development

1. Childhood

2. Youth

3. Middle Life

4. Old Age

He compared the trip through life to the journey of the sun through the sky, with the brightness of the sun representing consciousness.

Childhood Substages

1. Anarchic Phase

2. Monarchic Phase

3. Dualistic Phase

Anarchic Phase (Childhood)

The anarchic phase is characterized by chaotic and sporadic consciousness.

"Islands of consciousness" may exist, but there is little or no connection among these islands.

Experiences of this phase sometimes enter consciousness as primitive images, incapable of being accurately verbalized.

Monarchic Phase (Childhood)

The monarchic phase of childhood is characterized by the development of the ego and by the beginning of logical and verbal thinking.

Dualistic Phase (Childhood)

The ego as perceiver arises during the dualistic phase of childhood when the ego is divided into the objective and the subjective.

Children now refer to themselves in the first person and are aware of their existence as separate individuals.

Youth

The period from puberty until middle life is called youth. Young people strive to gain psychic and physical independence from their parents, find a mate, raise a family, and make a place in the world.

Conservative Principle (Youth)

A desire to live in the past.

A middle-aged or elderly person who attempts to hold on to youthful values faces a crippled second half of life, handicapped in the capacity to achieve self-realization and impaired in the ability to establish new goals and seek new meaning to life.

Middle Life

Jung believed that middle life begins at approximately age 35 or 40, by which time the sun has passed its zenith and begins its downward descent.

Although this decline can present middle-aged people with increasing anxieties, middle life is also a period of tremendous potential.

How can middle life be lived to its fullest?

People who have lived youth by neither childish nor middle-aged values are well prepared to advance to middle life and to live fully during that stage.

Old Age

As the evening of life approaches, people experience a diminution of consciousness.

Fear of death is often taken as normal, but Jung believed …

… that death is the goal of life and that life can be fulfilling only when death is seen in this light.

Psychological rebirth. also called … is the process of becoming an individual or a whole person.

self-realization or individuation

This process of "coming to selfhood" means that a person has all psychological components functioning in unity, with no psychic process atrophying.