ap euro

contextualize

to provide background knowledge so that the stuff going on in the present makes sense because you know the details of the past that led to what is going on right now

contributions of the classical greeks

• political science

• history as a subject and a guide to enlightened citizenship

• classical values

• math/science

classical greek thinkers

plato, socrates, aristotle

greek classical values

• reason/inquiry/impartial observation of the natural world

• humans are dignified and under control

• written language, carefully planned society/government/laws

examples of classical values

• order

• inquiry

• symmetry

• clarity

• control

roman empire

• valued organization(administration)

• valued government( free male participation in government life

• valued the law- innocent until proven guilty

“the church”

means the catholic church

after the fall of rome

europe is a fragmented 3rd world continent where there is no central government and no central defense

farming techniques

2 field system- some land was planted/some land left fallow- food was scarce- famine and starvation were common

inheritance of the crown

kings believed they had a diving right and that right was hereditary

magna carta

limited the power of the king of england

the black plague

• killed between 30-60% of Europe’s population

• decreased competition for resources/increased standard of living

• peasant revolts

• led to decline of power in the papacy

where does the term quarantine come from

Italian port cities began isolating ships and travelers suspected of carrying plague for periods of 40 days

why were people buried without last rights

people didn’t understand the church scripture

babylonian captivity

7 different popes in Avignon, France

great schism

2 popes

the inquisition

sanctioned by the pope in the 12th century and lasted until the 19th century

hersey

preaching ideas that conflicted with church teachings

medieval art

• anonymous

• 2 dimensional

• dark colors

• religious in nature

scholasticism

church controlled

what idea did scholasticism try and spread

• this world was painful/suffering

• reject this world. man was bad an sinful

• rejeact wealth and prestige

• goal was heaven

• limited literacy and technology

high renaissaince

1500

italian renaissance

1350

northern renaissance

1430

counter reformation

catholic censored artists and writers in response to the protestant reformation; stiffens creativity

roman inquisition

any threat to the catholic church should be punishable by death

why is italy the birthplace of renaissance ideas

• italy is located near the mediterranean- closer to the ports and large trading

• home to rome- where most thinkers originated

• northern europe was too busy killing one another and dying from plague

florence

• became wealthy through trade(wool)

• city states were urban areas

• middle class established

Giorgio Vasari

first person to use the term renaissance

old testimate

hebrew

new testament

greek

scularism

not religious in nature

individualism

rediscovering the individual

humanism

renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements/accomplishments

rich and powerful in florence

church, merchants, and bankers

patronage

the act of commissioning artists to work and financially supporting their art

civic humanists

writers

problems of italy

• ripe for invasion

• divided and wealthy

• ripe for invasion

why is the renaissance important

• transition into the modern world

• emphasis on the individual

opposition to the renaissance

many claimed it was justa bridge between the medieval period and the modern world

philology

the branch of knowledge that deals with structure, historical development, and relationships of a language

petrarch

• “father of humanism”

• wrote in vernacular so women could read

• promoted a revival of classical literature

lorenzo valla

• a priest who wrote the “false donation of Constantine”

• humanist

false donation of constantine

states dates in history were inaccurate

marsilio ficino

• formed a platonic academy

• patronage of the Medici family

• translated plato into latin

• humanist

pico della mirandola

• wrote the 900 secs

• the preface was an “oration on the dignity of man”

• believed humanity is a miracle

• syncretism

• humanist

syncretism

combining humanism/classicism/region/

virtu

the ability to shape the world around it to ones will

renaissance man

a man who was good at everything

lean battista albrti

• “The painter”

• priest

• wrote about ideas concerning perfection

• humanist

leonardo bruni

• first to divide history into 3 parts(ancient, medieval, and modern)

• humanist

castiglione

• “a gentle ma’s handbook”

• how to become an advisor for the king, and how to move up in society

machiavelli

• wrote, “the prince”

• 1st secular analysis of politics

christian humanists

advocated for social reform and improving church condition

thomas moore

• English humanist

• wrote, “utopia”

• no dissent!

erasmus

• dutch humanist

• advocated for religious reform

• believed all should read the bible

• wrote praise of folly

praise of folly

• social criticism as a loyal catholic of the catholic church

• criticized meaningless church ceremony

philosophy of christ

christianity is an inner attitude of the heart and spirit

johann gutenberg

invented the printing press

vernacular

the language of everyday common people

contrapposto

balance

linear perspective

illusion of depth

donatello( creations)

• saint mark(sculpture)

• saint george(sculpture)

de vinci(creations)

• mona lisa

raphael(creations)

school of athens( painting himself within)

michelangelo(creations)

• pieta

• statue of david

• sistine chapel

• last judgment

classical architecture

columns, domes, arches, and proportions

debate about women

women were devious, domineering, and demanding

monarchy

rude by one king or queen

how did monarchs consolidate power

1) reduced violence

2) crubing unruly nobles

3) establishing domestic order

4) create a state of national unity

5) maintain a standard army loyal to a monarch

6) establish religious control over their subjects and assert authority over the clergy

Charles VII

creates the first standing army

concordat of Bologna

the french crown is now able to control the policies of church officials in the kingdom of france

Louis XI

spider king

the star chamber

a royal system of courts outside parliments control