Enlightenment Philosophers
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Last updated 12:19 AM on 4/4/23
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12 Terms
1
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Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
Identify:
* wrote publication, leviathon, biggest publication
* Humans are very animalistic, very selfish, what drives us
Best way to live is in a group
Bc of selfishness,
* says we need to form a strong government so humanity doesn’t erupt into chaos
* Advocates that the government should not be corrupt, should appeal to best interests of society
Significance:
* Inspires the early rise of democracy in england, as inspires strong government
* Enlightened despots inspired by him
* Develops the conservative political idea
* wrote publication, leviathon, biggest publication
* Humans are very animalistic, very selfish, what drives us
Best way to live is in a group
Bc of selfishness,
* says we need to form a strong government so humanity doesn’t erupt into chaos
* Advocates that the government should not be corrupt, should appeal to best interests of society
Significance:
* Inspires the early rise of democracy in england, as inspires strong government
* Enlightened despots inspired by him
* Develops the conservative political idea
2
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Leviathon
Humans are very animalistic, very selfish, what drives us
Best way to live is in a group
Bc of selfishness, forms government, religion, laws
Institutions have to be strong and powerful
* written by Thomas Hobbes
* Conservatism
Best way to live is in a group
Bc of selfishness, forms government, religion, laws
Institutions have to be strong and powerful
* written by Thomas Hobbes
* Conservatism
3
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Conservatism
Powerful institutions should always be there, in control
4
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John Locke (1632-1704)
Identify:
* Wrote Famous publication ‘Essays Concerning Understanding’
* Believes all people in a society need to be more critical in the things that are controlling them, like the governments, churches or institutions we create.
* Questions how much power people give the powerful institutions
* Very big fan of democracy
Significance:
* Works inspired people to demand change/ be critical within powerful institutions, like the English Civil War
* Inspired people like the Roundheads in the English Civil War
* Inspired England/U.S. governments to consider political reform, allows more people to vote and run for office
* Wrote Famous publication ‘Essays Concerning Understanding’
* Believes all people in a society need to be more critical in the things that are controlling them, like the governments, churches or institutions we create.
* Questions how much power people give the powerful institutions
* Very big fan of democracy
Significance:
* Works inspired people to demand change/ be critical within powerful institutions, like the English Civil War
* Inspired people like the Roundheads in the English Civil War
* Inspired England/U.S. governments to consider political reform, allows more people to vote and run for office
5
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Montesquieu (1689-1755)
* Wrote Spirit of the Laws
* Laws should not be universal
* (depend on the circumstance)
* laws within a country depends on the needs of the country
* as things within a country change, laws should change
* laws should affect all people equally
* Equal Rights Advocator
* \
* Laws should not be universal
* (depend on the circumstance)
* laws within a country depends on the needs of the country
* as things within a country change, laws should change
* laws should affect all people equally
* Equal Rights Advocator
* \
6
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
* People have to stick together to benefit each others strengths
* A person might have to give up things that they really like to do to live with other people
* Warns to not be too quick to give up things a person enjoys
* Once a person gives something up, hard to get it back
* Encouraging Freedom
* A person might have to give up things that they really like to do to live with other people
* Warns to not be too quick to give up things a person enjoys
* Once a person gives something up, hard to get it back
* Encouraging Freedom
7
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Voltaire (1694-1778)
* Inspired by Rousseau
* Wrote Philosophical Letters
* “once you realize you’ve given up too much freedoms, its up to you to fight to get them back”
* Best way to fight is in a group
* Wrote Philosophical Letters
* “once you realize you’ve given up too much freedoms, its up to you to fight to get them back”
* Best way to fight is in a group
8
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Marquise du Chatelet (1706-1749)
* Wrote “Institutions of Physics”
* Physics textbook
* used in many universities
* first women in france to publish a scientific writing
* First textbook in Physics with no mention of god
* took god out of science
* \
* Physics textbook
* used in many universities
* first women in france to publish a scientific writing
* First textbook in Physics with no mention of god
* took god out of science
* \
9
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Denis Dederot (1713-1783)
* First publisher of Encyclopedia
* Democratize knowledge, so more people could understand
* balanced offering of content 2 pages for snails and 2 for Jesus
* \
* Democratize knowledge, so more people could understand
* balanced offering of content 2 pages for snails and 2 for Jesus
* \
10
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Adam Smith (1723-1790)
* Wrote “Wealth of Nations”
* Names Capitalism
* idea of “if you have an idea and willing to work hard and have luck, you can become successful”
* fuels the industrial revolution
* the little guy can make it big
* Names Capitalism
* idea of “if you have an idea and willing to work hard and have luck, you can become successful”
* fuels the industrial revolution
* the little guy can make it big
11
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Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794)
* Wrote “Essays on Crime and Punishment”
* pushing for penal reform
* reform the prison system
* advocating for rights of prisoners, more rehabilitation
* torture should not be used
* different levels of prison (maximum, medium, lighter security)
* proper food and nutrition, medical care
* started new social science, the study of jails
* pushing for penal reform
* reform the prison system
* advocating for rights of prisoners, more rehabilitation
* torture should not be used
* different levels of prison (maximum, medium, lighter security)
* proper food and nutrition, medical care
* started new social science, the study of jails
12
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Johann von Herder (1744-1803)
Identify
* Wrote “Ideas on the Philosophy of the History of all of Mankind”
* Develops idea of Nationalism, how countries and cultures are all distinct, and people should be proud of that
* said since identity is so unique to their cultures, could cause conflict, so they should ‘stick to their own’ culture
* Develops that one’s culture is tied to the geography and climate of surrounding land
* Says Nationalism is stronger than religion
Significance:
* Leads to more racist views, where a person would believe that their culture is better than others
* Many countries, like Hitler’s Germany, would take the ‘stick to their own’ culture and try to indoctrinate masses into their culture
* Wrote “Ideas on the Philosophy of the History of all of Mankind”
* Develops idea of Nationalism, how countries and cultures are all distinct, and people should be proud of that
* said since identity is so unique to their cultures, could cause conflict, so they should ‘stick to their own’ culture
* Develops that one’s culture is tied to the geography and climate of surrounding land
* Says Nationalism is stronger than religion
Significance:
* Leads to more racist views, where a person would believe that their culture is better than others
* Many countries, like Hitler’s Germany, would take the ‘stick to their own’ culture and try to indoctrinate masses into their culture