From Canvas (Disease Vocabulary) - Unit 12: The Urinary System

Albuminuria

The presence in the urine of abnormally large quantities of protein, usually albumin. This condition is also commonly known as proteinuria.

Anuria

The cessation or stopping of urine production, or a urinary output of less than 100 ml per day. This condition can be caused by a critical drop in the blood pressure required to provide sufficient filtration pressure in the kidneys.

Bacteriuria

The presence of bacteria in the urine.

Dysuria

Painful urination.

Enuresis

A condition of urinary incontinence, especially referring to involuntary bedwetting at night.

Fatigue

A state of exhaustion or loss of strength or endurance, which may follow strenuous physical activity.

Frequency

In the case of urinary frequency, this refers to urination at short, frequent intervals without any increase in the overall daily volume of urinary output. It is typically caused by a reduced bladder capacity.

Glycosuria

The abnormal presence of sugar, especially glucose, in the urine.

Hematuria

The abnormal presence of blood in the urine.

Ketonuria

The presence of excessive amounts of ketone bodies in the urine.

Incontinence

The inability to voluntarily retain or keep urine in the urinary bladder.

Lethargy

A state or quality of being indifferent, apathetic (without emotion), or sluggish.

Malaise

A vague, generalized feeling of bodily weakness or discomfort, which often marks the onset of a disease or infection.

Nocturia

Urination, especially when excessive, that occurs at night. This condition is also called nycturia.

Oliguria

The secretion of a diminished or scanty amount of urine in relation to a person's fluid intake.

Polydipsia

Excessive, abnormal thirst.

Polyuria

The excretion of abnormally large amounts of urine.

Pyuria

The presence of pus in the urine, which is usually a definitive sign of an infection within the urinary tract.

Urgency

A sudden, strong feeling of needing to void or empty urine from the bladder immediately.

Cystitis

Inflammation of the urinary bladder that is very common, affecting more than 6 million Americans a year. It frequently affects sexually active women between the ages of 20 and 50, but can also occur in non-sexually active women, young girls, and older adults. Females are more prone to this condition due to a shorter urethra and the short physical distance between the urethral opening and the anus. It is often caused by bacteria in the urethra and is clinically characterized by urgency, frequency, and hematuria.

Interstitial Cystitis

A painful inflammation of the bladder wall, where "interstitial" relates to or situated in the small, narrow spaces between tissues or parts of an organ. This condition affects approximately 450,000 people, 90% of whom are women. The symptoms can vary from mild to severe, the exact cause is unknown, and it does not respond well to antibiotic therapy.

Nephritis

Inflammation of the kidney.

Nephropathy

Any disease of the kidney, an example of which is diabetic nephropathy.

Nephrocystitis

Inflammation that simultaneously affects both the urinary bladder and the kidney.

Nephroma

A tumor located in the kidney.

Nephrosclerosis

A condition characterized by the abnormal hardening of the kidney.

Nephroptosis

An abnormally low anatomical position or downward displacement of the kidney.

Nephrotic Syndrome

Clinical symptoms that occur when damage to the glomerulus of the kidney is present, causing large quantities of protein to be lost through the glomerular membrane into the urine. This condition results in severe proteinuria and is also called nephrosis.

Polycystic Kidney Disease

A hereditary disorder of the kidneys in which normal kidney tissue is gradually replaced by grapelike, fluid-filled sacs or cysts.

Pyelonephritis (Acute)

A bacterial infection of both the renal pelvis and the kidney. The infection typically begins in the urinary bladder and travels upward through the ureters to reach the renal pelvis.

Pyelocystitis

Inflammation that simultaneously affects the urinary bladder and the renal pelvis.

Renal Calculi (Nephrolithiasis)

Stone formations in the kidney, where a single stone is known as a nephrolith or renal calculus. If a stone formed in the kidney becomes lodged in the ureter, it can cause anuria or oliguria by completely blocking the ureters. This blockage is accompanied by hematuria and renal colic, which is a sharp, severe pain in the lower back over the kidney that radiates toward the groin.

Renal Cell Carcinoma

A malignant, cancerous tumor of the kidney that occurs in adulthood. The patient typically remains asymptomatic (symptom-free) until the latter, advanced stages of the disease.

Renal Failure (Chronic)

The progressively slow development of kidney failure that occurs over a span of years. The late stages of chronic renal failure are known as end-stage renal disease (ESRD).

Uremia

A dangerous blood condition characterized by an excess of urine waste products, such as urea, in the blood. This condition is closely associated with end-stage renal failure.

Ureteropathy

Any disease or pathological condition affecting the ureter.

Urethralgia

Pain localized in the urethra.

Urethritis

Inflammation or infection of the urethra, which is clinically characterized by dysuria.

Diuresis

An excessive flow or increased excretion of urine, which can be associated with conditions like diabetes or renal failure.

Pyelitis

Inflammation specifically localized to the renal pelvis.

Glomerulonephritis

Inflammation affecting the glomerulus (the filtering capillaries) of the kidneys.

Hydronephrosis

A condition characterized by an obstruction of the kidney, causing urine to back up because it cannot flow properly through the urinary tract.