Ethics and Religion Lecture Notes

This set of flashcards covers key concepts in ethics and religion discussed in the lecture.

What is the main principle of consequentialism according to John Stuart Mill?

We must consider the consequences of our actions to determine if they are morally right.

What is utilitarianism?

A major theory in consequential ethics that focuses on maximizing overall happiness or utility.

What is a weakness of consequentialism?

A good action can have bad consequences, and intentions do not matter if outcomes are negative.

Define deontological ethics.

An ethical theory that focuses on the morality of actions themselves rather than their consequences, often associated with Immanuel Kant.

What conflict can arise in deontological ethics?

Duties can conflict, such as the duty not to lie versus the duty not to hurt others.

Who are the notable philosophers associated with virtue ethics?

Plato and Aristotle.

What is the Golden Mean according to Aristotle?

Finding a balanced approach between extremes in virtues.

What is the criticism of virtue ethics?

It is seen as egoistic and focuses more on individual development rather than the consequences for others.

What does Karl Marx say about religion?

Religion is an illusion that distracts people from fighting for a better society and is referred to as 'the opium of the people'.

What does Friedrich Nietzsche think about Christianity?

He believes it promotes a 'slave morality' and stifles human instincts.

What was Sigmund Freud's perspective on God?

Freud viewed God as a projection of a father figure and a comforting fantasy.

What does Richard Dawkins argue regarding religion?

He believes religion is a delusion and advocates for critical thought over faith.

What is the difference between external and internal critiques of religion?

External critiques come from outside the religion, while internal critiques come from adherents within the religion.

What is Sikhism, and when was it founded?

A monotheistic religion founded in the 15th century by Guru Nanak in Punjab.

What is the significance of the Adi Granth in Sikhism?

It is considered the eternal Guru and serves as the primary scripture for Sikhs.

What are the Five K's in Sikhism?

Kesh, Kanga, Kara, Kacha, and Kirpan, symbols of Sikh identity and faith.

What principles do Bahá’í beliefs promote?

Full gender equality, the elimination of prejudices, and universal education.