Anatomy and Physiology 1- Cells

Organelles

"Small organs" metabolic machinery of the cell. Suspended in cytosol.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

(ER) surrounds the nucleus, transports and stores organic molecules (membranous organelle)

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Has no ribosomes, no function in protein synthesis, site of lipid synthesis (membranous organelle)

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Coveered in ribosomes, produce storage and transport of the proteins made on the ribosomes (membranous organelle)

Centrioles

Paired organelles, direct the formation of the miotic spindle during cell division (nonmembranous organelle)

Cytoskeleton

Provide cellular support, anchors organelles (nonmembranous organelle)

Cilia

short hair-like projections, extend from cell membrane, move out mucus (nonmembranous organelle)

Flagellum

Used for the transportation of the complete whole cell (nonmembranous organelle)

Ribosomes

make RNA and protein, actual sites of protein synthesis (nonmembranous organelle)

Golgi Apparatus

flat sacs of membrane that join the ER (membranous organelle)

Lysosome

vesicle created by golgi, contain digestive enzymes, have capacity of full cell destruction (membranous organelle)

Peroxisome

contain oxidase enzymes, abundant in the kidney and liver, break down fatty acids (membranous organelle)

Mitochondria

power cell, double membrane cells, produce ATP (membranous organelle)

Interphase

first of two stages in cell life cycle, cell growth and activities are carried out

Cell Division

cell reproduction by dividing

Mitosis

the division of the copied DNA of the mother cell to the two daughter nuclei

Meiosis

specialized type of nuclear division that occurs only in the reproductive organs- yields 4 nuclei that differ genetically

Phases of Mitosis

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Prophase

first step in mitosis, chromosomes become visible, move too the center of the cell (jumbled)

Metaphase

second step in mitosis, chromosomes move to true middle and line up

Anaphase

third step in mitosis, two "v's" being pulled from each other, chromosomes separate, cytokinesis begins

Telophase

final step in mitosis, two nuclei in one cell for a brief period

Tissue

group of cells that come together to carry out a specialized function

Histology

study of tissues

Simple Epithelium

a single layer of cells

Stratified Epithelium

several layers of cells

Squamous Epithelium

flattened irregularly shaped cells

Cubodial Epithelium

cube shaped cells with equal height and weight

Columnar Epithelium

contains elongated cells (column shaped) where the height is much greater than the width

Simple Cubodial Epithelium

epithelium with a single layer of cube-shaped cells

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

epithelium with several layers of mostly flattened cells

Simple Columnar Epithelium

epithelium with a single layer of column-shaped cells

Goblet Cells

Oval-shaped, protects the epithelium from harsh digestive chemicals

Microvilli

function to increase the surface area of small intestinal cells to maximum absorption of nutrients (make up the brush border)

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

nuclei are at different levels because some cells are wider near the base, and others are wider near the surface

Transitional Epithelium

cells are able to alter shapes with changing physical conditions

Pseudostratified Epithelium

simple columnar epithelium but the cells vary in height and the nuclei lie at different levels