china

Opium Wars

Opium Wars

• Chinese emperor didn't like what opium was doing to the country

• weakened the Chinese government because they no longer had the strongest military (Britain was industrialized)

• china lost

• trade weakened the government

the treaty of nanjing

• after the opium war

• china ceded hong kong as a colony

• opened 5 ports where foreigners could live and trade under their own laws

extraterritoritality

when foreigners can live and trade under their own laws

taiping rebellion

• Hong Xiu Quan claimed he was Jesus's little brother

• fighting against the qing government

• showed the people's lack of support and dissatisfaction with their government

• caused over 20 million deaths

self strengthening movement

• how china could regain its loss of sovereignty after the opium wars

• lead to the industrialization of china to a modern army and navy, railway lines

• changes were slow due to lack of government support

first sino-japanese war

• japan and china fought for control over Korea

• Japan was industrialized before china

• china looked down on japan so it was more of a shock when china lost

• japan secretly signed a treaty to open more ports, but china found out and talked Korea out of it. japan got made and started the war

boxer rebellion

• fought over Christianity and colonization in china

• reforms after: civil service exam was dropped, education system remodeled on the western system, legislative assembly as set up at the provincial level, elections for national assembly were held

1911 revolution

• when the nationalists helped organize the people frusturated with the empereor who didn't want to modernize china

• the goal was a unified and strong china

• nationalists called for a revolution because they wanted to fight the Manchus, Americans, Europeans, and Japanese powers

kangxi

• froze taxes

• emperor during the qing dynasty

qianlong

• wrote a letter to king George III refusing to increase trade

• emperor during the qing dynasty

McCartney expedition

• british want chinese goods (tea, porcelain, silk), more fair trade laws, and fewer restritions on trade

• chinese refuse the british because of misunderstandings and cultural restrictions

• british find that the chiese want opium more than silver

sun yatsen

• created a revolutionary alliance in 1905 where he united radical groups from across china based on the three principles

• 3 stage process of revolution: military takeover, transitional phase, constitutional democracy

• didn't actually rule the nationalist party because he was in colorado during the revolution and came back to a chaotic china

• created the nationalist party

yuan shikai

• former member of the Manchu imperial army, in the military as a general during the revolution

• works with the nationalists and leads the revolution to get rid of the qing dynasty

• becomes a military dictator

the three people's principles

• nationalism

• democracy

• people's livelihood

the may fourth movement/the new culture movement

• during the warlod era

jian jeishi (chang kai shek)

• leader of the nationalists after sun yat-sen's death

• began working to build a new nation supposedly following the three principles of the people

• included political tutelage, meaning china needed a foreign government to help them transition to constitutional democracy

• struck out against the communists in shanghai, killing thousands

• made his own republic in nanjing

the communist party (CCP)

• mao believed peasants would be the key to the revolution

• communists promised land, spread propaganda, used guerilla tactics

• created a narrative of themselves as the true patriots (instead of the nationalists)

the nanjing republic

• Jiang jieshi founded the Nanjing republic in 1928

• the Nanjing government got most of its support from a westernized middle class who lived in cities

• middle class had little in common with the peasants who didn't see themselves being represented by this government

impact of the world wars

• the communists created a narrative of themselves as the true patriots (instead of the nationalists) during WWII

the people's republic of china

• Chinese peasants were underfed, overworked, and overtaxed

• established by the CCP

• jiang jieshi and the nationalists fled to Taiwan and established a new republic there

mao zedong

• founding member of the CCP

• believed the revolution would come from peasants in the country side

totalitarian government

a form of government that attempts to assert total control over the lives of its citizens

new demoncacy

• mao's goals were to consolidate power and increase economic output

• he did this by redistributing wealth, taking land from the wealthy to give to the peasants(often had to kill the wealthy)

• modified capitalism allowed peasants to sell goods and make some money while they also had to give some to the government

• led to the great leap forward

industrialization

the development of industries in a country or region (making it more modern)

the great leap forward

• an economic plan with more political and social elements

• collective farms (peoples communes)

• lead to the great famine

• lead to a split in power between the Maoists and the pragmatists (ppl who questions if mao was too extreme but still believed in communism)

the people's comunes

• 30,000 ppl lived, worked, and farmed here

1. all products were given to the government

2. people made steel and grew grain in hopes to industrialize china (not successful)

the great proletarian cultural revolution (GPCR)

• Mao says that everything would work if everyone was more communist Proletarian: the “ real people” (working class, peasants, back bone of society)

• Must get rid of anyone whos not apart of the “real people”

• goals were to make China a communist society (strengthen and preserve) by getting rid of all aspects of capitalism, Destroying the 4 olds,

he wanted to become the first man to bring communism to the world and make other countries communist, Centralize production for poorer people

resulted in Mass destruction, bloodshed, turmoil and chaos resulted in many deaths across the country Chaos and a lot of different groups disagreeing on china’s future, China becomes a military dictatorship, Deaths, exiles, injuries, trauma, Divisions within communities

Red Guards: a group of young people (teenagers and young adults) Why did Chinese youth get swept up in the cultural revolution? Fear of what would happen if they didn’t More impressionable

the red guards

• a group of young people (teenagers and young adults)

• Chinese youth got swept up into the cultural revolution because of violence, more impressionable, wanted to please mao, fear of what would happen if they didn't

propaganda

biased or misleading information used to promote a articular political cause or point of view

the little red book

• maos book on all aspects of life

4 olds

1. old habits

2. old ideas

3. old cultures

4. old customs

what methods did the qing use to consolidate power?

• embraced the values of the Han Chinese (Confucian values, mandate of heaven)

• tax system favored the people

• incorporated Han Chinese into the government

• strong military, put down rebellions with a lot of strength

manchus

• strong military mad it impossible to conquer china

• lots of expansion

• when china was most stable

• china was centralized

problems in the qing dynasty

• kangxis decision to freeze taxes

• rise in population

• aging emperor

• rising tensions between Europeans and the qing

treaty of shimonoseki

• after the sino-Japanese war

• had to recognize the independence of Korea

• ceded Taiwan as its own country

nationalist def

democracy (popular sovereignty) + capitalism (private ownership & competition_

communism def

• political and economic system that distributes wealth and power

• communal owenership

• communism must be brought about by revolution

warlord era

• after sun yat-sen and yuan shikai's deaths there was no true leader

• many local, corrupt, and violent military leaders (warlords) took control and created terrible suffering for the people

nationalist party (guomindange)

• united the nationalists and the new communist party to create a national liberation front that wanted the chinses government to crush the warlords

• later falls apart once Jiang jieshi comes to power

the long march (trek)

• when the communists were forced into hiding, mao lead them into the country side

• over 6,000 miles

• resulted in many deaths