Key Concepts in Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis

Sphingolipids

which of the following lipids plays a major role in the formation of myelin sheaths in neurons.

LDL cholesterol

In clinical diagnostics, elevated levels of which lipid are most strongly associated with atherosclerosis

enzyme catalysis

lipids are essential in the body for all of the following EXCEPT:

Triglyceride

which of the following is classified as a simple lipid

additional groups such as phosphate or carbohydrate

compound lipids are characterized by the presence of

lipids obtained by hydrolysis of simple and compound lipids

which of the following best described derived lipids

Simple lipid

A lipid consisting of glycerol and three fatty acids is best classified as a

have only single bonds between carbon atoms

which of the following best describes saturated fatty acids?

polyunsaturated fatty acid

Linoleic acid is an example of a

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

which type of fatty acid has more than one double bond in its carbon chain

Hydrogenation of unsaturated fats

Trans fatty acids are formed primarily though

type of ester linkage

fatty acids can be classified by all of the following criteria except

the first double bond is at the 3rd carbon from the methyl end

which of the following is a characteristic of omega-3 fatty acids

A 4-6 carbon atoms

short chain fatty acids typically have

less than 10%

According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, saturated fat intake should be limited to what percentage of total daily calories

reduced inflammation and lower risk of cardiovascular disease

which of the following is a primary clinical benefit associated with omega-3 fatty acid consumption

fatty fish (salmon, mackerel)

which of the following is a rich dietary source of omega-3 fatty acids

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

which omega-3 fatty acid is most involved in neural and retinal development

Arachidonic acid

which omega-6 fatty acid is a precursor to pro-inflammatory eicosanoids?

serum or plasma collected after fasting

which specimen type is typically preferred for free fatty acid analysis

gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)

which of the following is a gold standard method used for the quantitative determination of free fatty acids in plasma

steroid (Sterol)

cholesterol is classified as what type of molecule

four fused hydrocarbon rings

the characteristic structural feature of cholesterol induces

liver

which organ is primarily responsible for endogenous cholesterol synthesis

amino acids

cholesterol serves as a precursor for all of the following except

maintain membrane fluidity and stability

in the cell membrane, cholesterol functions to

HMG-CoA reductase

which enzyme catalyzes the rate-limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis

atherosclerosis

elevated blood cholesterol is most closely associated with which health condition

LDL

which lipoprotein is primarily responsible for transporting cholesterol from the liver to peripheral tissues

LDL-bound cholesterol

the majority of cholesterol in the bloodstream is carried as

bile salts and micelles

in the intestine, dietary cholesterol is absorbed with the help of

HMG-CoA reductase

statin drugs primarily lower cholesterol levels by inhibiting which enzyme

cholesterol gallstones in the gallbladder

cholelithiasis refers to the formation of

simultaneous secretion of phospholipids and bile salts

which of the following is essential to prevent cholesterol precipitation in bile

cholesterol crystallization and gallstone formation

a deficiency in bile salts may result in which of the following

lecithin (phosphatidylcholine)

the phospholipid most commonly involved in a solubilizing cholesterol in bile is

decreased bile salt and lecithin secretion relative to cholesterol

what condition most likely contributes to the development of cholesterol gallstones

chylomicrons

which of the following lipoproteins has the lowest density and the highest lipid content

protein to lipid ratio

what primarily determines the density of a lipoprotein

HDL

which lipoprotein is known as “good cholesterol” due to its role in reverse cholesterol transport

LDL

which lipoprotein is most associated with atherogenic risk when elevated in blood

transport dietary triglycerides from the intestine

the primary function of chylomicrons is to

VLDL

which lipoprotein is produced in the liver and is rich in endogenous triglycerides

LDL

as VLDL is metabolized in circulation, it is converted to

HDL

which of the following lipoproteins contains the highest percentage of protein

LDL

which lipoprotein is primarily responsible for delivering cholesterol to peripheral tissues

chylomicrons → VLDL → LDL → HDL

what is the correct order of lipoproteins from lowest to highest density

remove excess cholesterol from tissues and return it to the liver

what is the primary function of HDL in lipid metabolism

liver and intestine

where are HDL particles primarily synthesized

LACT

which enzyme is involved in the esterification of cholesterol within HDL particles during reverse cholesterol transport

excretion as bile acids or free cholesterol

the cholesterol collected by HDL from peripheral tissues is primarily delivered to the liver for

LDL

hypercholesterolemia is primarily characterized by elevated levels of which lipid component in the blood

triglycerides

hypertriglyceridemia is defined by elevated levels of

both cholesterol and triglycerides

mixed hyperlipidemia is a condition characterized by elevation of

diabetes mellitus

which of the following conditions is most commonly associated with secondary hypertriglyceridemia

enzymatic colorimetric assays

which lab method is most commonly used for routine screening of hyperlipidemia

plaque formation within arterial walls

atherosclerosis is characterized by

atherosclerosis narrowing peripheral arteries

peripheral artery disease (PAD) is most commonly caused by

LDL

which lipoprotein is considered most atherogenic

aneurysm and thrombosis

atherosclerotic plaques may lead to which of the following complications

intermittent claudication (pain with walking)

a common symptom of PAD in the legs is

high LDL to HDL ratio

which of the following lab values is the most indicative of atherosclerosis risk

statin therapy

which intervention is most effective in reducing atherosclerotic risk in patients with hypercholesterolemia

cardiovascular disease

a lipid panel is primarily used to assess a patient’s risk for

Apolipoprotein B

which of the following is not typically included in a basic lipid panel

fast for 9-12 hours

how should a patient typically prepare before a lipid panel blood test

triglycerides

elevated levels of which lipid are most associated with pancreatitis

LDL cholesterol

the friedewald equation is commonly used to calculate

<200 mg/dL

what is the recommended reference range for total cholesterol in adults

increased risk of atherosclerosis

a lipid panel result showing high LDL and low HD: levels would indicate

total cholesterol-HDL cholesterol

non-HDL cholesterol is calculated using which formula

it accounts for all atherogenic lipoproteins

why is non-HDL cholesterol considered a better predictor of cardiovascular risk than LDL alone

enzymatic colorimetric reactions

the CHOD-PAP method for cholesterol measurement is based on

4-aminophenazone and phenol

which reagent reacts with hydrogen peroxide in the CHOD-PAP method to produce a color change

glycerol

what does the GPO-PAP method primarily measure to estimate triglyceride concentration

500-550 nm

at what wavelength range is the absorbance of the quinoneimine dye typically measured in the GPO-PAP method